[1] Ecuador is bigger than Uruguay, Suriname, Guyana and French Guiana in South America. [57] As of the writing of the Plan in 2008, 19% of Ecuador's land area was in a protected area; however, the Plan also states that 32% of the land must be protected in order to truly preserve the nation's biodiversity. During its negotiations with Brazil, Peru stated that based on the royal cedula of 1802, it claimed Amazonian Basin territories up to Caqueta River in the north and toward the Andes Mountain range, depriving Ecuador and Colombia of all their claims to the Amazon Basin. The philosophy of the Ministry of Public Health is the social support and service to the most vulnerable population,[131] and its main plan of action lies around communitarian health and preventive medicine.[131]. Although the new government lasted no more than two months, it had important repercussions and was an inspiration for the independence movement of the rest of Spanish America. In 2009, the new administration at the Defense Ministry launched a deep restructuring within the forces, increasing spending budget to $1,691,776,803, an increase of 25%.[52]. In 1532, a small band of Spaniards headed by Francisco Pizarro landed in Tumbez and marched over the Andes Mountains until they reached Cajamarca, where the new Inca Atahualpa was to hold an interview with them. [62], Despite being on the UNESCO list, the Galápagos are endangered by a range of negative environmental effects, threatening the existence of this exotic ecosystem. [91] It also serves on the World Trade Organization (WTO), in addition to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF) and other multilateral agencies. All of these rivers flow into the Amazon River. Popular sentiment in Ecuador became strongly nationalistic against Peru: graffiti could be seen on the walls of Quito referring to Peru as the "Cain de Latinoamérica", a reference to the murder of Abel by his brother Cain in the Book of Genesis. The negotiations turned into intense arguments during the next 7 months and finally on September 29, 1937, the Peruvian representatives decided to break off the negotiations without submitting the dispute to arbitration because the direct negotiations were going nowhere. Many fruits are available in this region, including bananas, tree grapes, and peach palms. In 2017, the Ecuadorian parliament adopted a Law on human mobility. Ecuador has a small area of truly dry climate at the Santa Elena Peninsula along the southern coast, with annual rainfall decreasing from about 40 inches (1,000 mm) near Guayaquil to only 4 … This branch is responsible for promoting transparency and control plans publicly, as well as plans to design mechanisms to combat corruption, as also designate certain authorities, and be the regulatory mechanism of accountability in the country. The Napo ranges in width from 500 to 1,800 m (1,640 to 5,906 ft). South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, "Climate change threatens 2 of Ecuador's 7 glaciers". Annual Weather Averages in Cuenca. The border dispute was then submitted to Spain for arbitration from 1880 to 1910, but to no avail. In the same fashion for medical school, the required time of education was considerably reduced from nine years (the minimum needed to obtain the title of MD in Medicine and Surgery) to almost five, with the provision that the diploma is not terminal anymore, and it is given with the title of médico (medic). So influential was the military in Ecuador in the early republican period that its first decade was under the control of General Juan José Flores, first president of Ecuador of Venezuelan origin. Peru briefly occupied Guayaquil again in 1860, since Peru thought that Ecuador was selling some of the disputed land for development to British bond holders, but returned Guayaquil after a few months. [1], In the early years of World War II, Ecuador still admitted a certain number of immigrants, and in 1939, when several South American countries refused to accept 165 Jewish refugees from Germany aboard the ship Koenigstein, Ecuador granted them entry permits. Early literature in colonial Ecuador, as in the rest of Spanish America, was influenced by the Spanish Golden Age. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", "Niveles administrativos de planificación", "Región 4 – Santo Domingo, Manabí y Galápagos", "Ecuador: A Comparative Atlas of Defence in Latin America / 2008 Edition", History of the "Escuela Superior Militar Eloy Alfaro", "History of the 'Escuela Superior Militar de Aviacion Cosme Rennella, "European banks urged to stop funding oil trade in Amazon", "Exclusive: European banks face indigenous calls to end Amazon oil trade", "Oil Exploitation in the Amazon Basin of Ecuador: A Public Health Emergency", "How the Environmental Lawyer Who Won a Massive Judgment Against Chevron Lost Everything", "Yahoo! The country has two cities UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Quito and Cuenca, as well as two natural UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Galapagos Islands and Sangay National Park in addition to one World Biosphere Reserve, such as the Cajas Massif. [citation needed], In the highland region, various dishes of pork, chicken, beef, and cuy (guinea pig)[119] are popular and are served with a variety of grains (especially rice and mote) or potatoes. At the same time, the country's Gini index of economic inequality decreased from 0.55 to 0.47.[24]. I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. The climate here is tropical. This liberal wing retained power until the military "Julian Revolution" of 1925. It will transport 120 000 passagers daily. Moreover, the Cauca region, throughout its long history, had very strong economic and cultural ties with the people of Ecuador. [59], Ecuador has the first constitution to recognize the rights of nature. Here, the weather is about what you probably expect from the Ecuador climate: truly tropical with temperatures usually between 80 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Later, Ecuador contended that the Republic of Colombia, while reorganizing its government, unlawfully made its eastern border provisional and that Colombia extended its claims south to the Napo River because it said that the Government of Popayán extended its control all the way to the Napo River. Contemporary Ecuadorian writers include the novelist Jorge Enrique Adoum; the poet Jorge Carrera Andrade; the essayist Benjamín Carrión; the poets Medardo Angel Silva, Jorge Carrera Andrade, and Luis Alberto Costales; the novelist Enrique Gil Gilbert; the novelist Jorge Icaza (author of the novel Huasipungo, translated to many languages); the short story author Pablo Palacio; and the novelist Alicia Yanez Cossio. The majority of Ecuadorians live in the central provinces, the Andes mountains, or along the Pacific coast. The few exceptions are the longer, perennial rivers that flow throughout the external coast from the internal coast and La Sierra on their way to the Pacific Ocean. In a year, the rainfall is 2162 mm | 85.1 inch. While the most populated metropolitan areas of the country are those of Guayaquil, Quito, Cuenca, Manabí Centro (Portoviejo-Manta) and Ambato. This army branch is considered the best elite force of Ecuador and is conformed by indigenous of the Amazon who combine their inherital experience for jungle dominance with modern army tactics. The rehabilitation and reopening of the Ecuadorian railroad and use of it as a tourist attraction is one of the recent developments in transportation matters.[98]. This defeat led to the signing of the Treaty of Guayaquil dated September 22, 1829, whereby Peru and its Congress recognized Gran Colombian rights over Tumbes, Jaen, and Maynas. 1913, Guayaquil – d. 1993, Quito) Demetrio Aguilera Malta (b. The electoral system functions by authorities which enter only every four years or when elections or referendums occur. Ecuador also has people of middle eastern extraction that have also joined the ranks of the white minority. Of this, 276,841 km2 (106,889 sq mi) is land and 6,720 km2 (2,595 sq mi) water. Ecuador Climate: The Andes. The diversity of its four regions has given rise to thousands of species of flora and fauna. Climate. Several of the larger islands, however, have freshwater springs although they are surrounded by the Pacific Ocean. The use of Quipu was banned by the Spanish,[121] and in order to preserve their work, many Inca poets had to resort to the use of the Latin alphabet to write in their native Quechua language. The matches of the Ecuadorian national team are the most-watched sporting events in the country. [86] Pines and cedars are planted in the region of La Sierra and walnuts, rosemary, and balsa wood in the Guayas River Basin. Both sunrise and sunset occur each day at the two six o'clock hours.[1]. Plantain- and peanut-based dishes are the basis of most coastal meals. To install click the Add extension button. A Day in the life. Coordinates: 2°00′S 77°30′W / 2.000°S 77.500°W / -2.000; -77.500, Ecuador (/ˈɛkwədɔːr/ (listen) EK-wə-dor; Spanish pronunciation: [ekwaˈðoɾ] (listen); Quechua: Ikwayur; Shuar: Ecuador or Ekuatur),[13][14] officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: Ikwadur Ripuwlika; Shuar: Ekuatur Nunka),[15][16] is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Most regions in Ecuador follow the traditional three-course meal of soup, a course that includes rice and a protein, and then dessert and coffee to finish. This important date was established by the Spaniards on June 24, coincidentally the same date when Amerindian people celebrated their rituals of Inti Raymi. With the continued worsening of climate change, Carihuairazo can disappear within five years. Similarly, a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to prevent rebellion. The Amazonian people and the Cayapas of Coastal Ecuador were the only groups to resist Inca and Spanish domination, maintaining their language and culture well into the 21st century. The population has been motivated by government failures to deliver on promises of land reform, lower unemployment and provision of social services, and historical exploitation by the land-holding elite. In this post, you’ll learn about the climate across Ecuador: Galapagos Islands, Pacific coast, Andes Mountains, and Amazon jungle. He gave the territories pertaining to present-day Ecuador and northern Peru to his favorite son Atahualpa, who was to rule from Quito; and he gave the rest to Huáscar, who was to rule from Cuzco. At this point the enraged Spaniards, with orders from Valverde, attacked and massacred unarmed escorts of the Inca and captured Atahualpa. [141] The cost of primary and secondary education is borne by the government, but families often face significant additional expenses such as fees and transportation costs. As a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon Basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered. The highland rivers broaden as they enter the more level areas of the Costa and the Oriente. The rivers rise from snowmelt at the edges of the snowcapped peaks or from the abundant precipitation that falls at higher elevations. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. Most festivals and annual parades are based on religious celebrations, many incorporating a mixture of rites and icons. The Supreme Council included two other members: General Guillermo Durán Arcentales and General Luis Leoro Franco. The antivirus program Checkprogram, banking protection system MdLock, and Core Banking Software Cobis are products of Ecuadorian development.[147]. The public finance of Ecuador consists of the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE), the National Development Bank (BNF), the State Bank. Lying on the equator means there is no summer or winter; however, there are typically wetter and drier seasons. Ecuadorian institutions compute extensive information using supercomputers such as Quinde I, the most powerful of that country performing 232 TeraFLOPS. B. Ecuadorian painters include Eduardo Kingman, Oswaldo Guayasamín, and Camilo Egas from the Indiginist Movement; Manuel Rendon, Jaime Zapata, Enrique Tábara, Aníbal Villacís, Theo Constanté, Luis Molinari, Araceli Gilbert, Judith Gutierrez, Felix Arauz, and Estuardo Maldonado from the Informalist Movement; Teddy Cobeña from expressionism and figurative style[124][125][126] and Luis Burgos Flor with his abstract, futuristic style. These terminal degrees, as in the case of the PhD in other countries, were the main requirement for an individual to be accepted in academia as a professor or researcher. There are also different kinds of traditional music like albazo, pasacalle, fox incaico, tonada, capishca, Bomba (highly established in Afro-Ecuadorian societies), and so on. [41], In July 2012, the officials warned the judges that they would be sanctioned and possibly dismissed if they allowed the citizens to appeal to the protection of their constitutional rights against the state. Since African slavery was not the workforce of the Spanish colonies in the Andes Mountains, given the subjugation of the Amerindian people through proselytization and encomiendas, the minority population of African descent is mostly found in the coastal northern province of Esmeraldas. Quito is located in the northern highlands of Ecuador in the Guayllabamba river basin. This is done in the four basic specialties of pediatric, gynecology, clinic medicine, and surgery. One of the earliest examples is Jacinto Collahuazo,[120] an Amerindian chief of a northern village in today's Ibarra, born in the late 1600s. The National Assembly of Ecuador meets throughout the year except for recesses in July and December. The best time of year to visit Mindo in Ecuador. The pipeline brought oil from the east side of the Andes to the coast, making Ecuador South America's second largest oil exporter. Being a small country and a consumer of foreign technology, Ecuador has favored research supported by entrepreneurship in information technology. Its political and military power came under the rule of the Duchicela blood-line. The IWIAS is a special force trained to perform exploration and military activities. This month should be avoided if you are not a big fan of rain. Cuenca's tramway is the largest public transport system in the city and the first modern tramway in Ecuador. Since 1936, voting is compulsory for all literate persons aged 18–65, optional for all other citizens.[40]. Since everything from gas to groceries costs far less than in North America, it is a popular choice for those who are looking to make the most of their retirement budget.[116]. [105], The first Jews arrived in Ecuador in the 16th and 17th centuries. There are thirteen permanent committees. Ecuador map of Köppen climate classification. It is originally from northern Ecuador (Otavalo-Imbabura). The classic paradigm of the Italian immigrant today was not that of the small trader from Liguria as it had been before; those who emigrated to Ecuador were professionals and technicians, employees and religious people from South-Central Italy. [77], The extreme poverty rate has declined significantly between 1999 and 2010. I t is interesting to see that in the tropics very few Latin Americans distinguish between climate and weather and they use the two words for both meanings. [115], Another perk that draws many expats to Ecuador is its low cost of living. The species of butterflies border the 4,500, the reptiles 345, the amphibians 358 and the mammals 258, among others. Finally, on July 23, 1941, the Peruvians launched a major invasion, crossing the Zarumilla river in force and advancing into the Ecuadorian province of El Oro. Ecuador's judiciary has as its main body the Judicial Council, and also includes the National Court of Justice, provincial courts, and lower courts. Its main functions are to organize, control elections, and punish the infringement of electoral rules. Ecuador protested this secret treaty, since Colombia gave away Ecuadorian claimed land to Peru that Ecuador had given to Colombia in 1916. That's it. The city was selected as the site of the sixth South American Windsurfing Championship. Huáscar did not recognize his father's will, since it did not follow Inca traditions of naming an Inca through the priests. Nearby Salinas was the site of the ISA World Junior Surfing Games Ecuador in 2009. However, according to Nature, the multidisciplinary scientific journal the top 10 institutions that carry the most outstanding scientific contributions are: Yachay Tech University (Yachay Tech), Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), and Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ).[148]. ", "New Paper Examines Ecuador's Success in Emerging from Economic Recession; Reducing Poverty and Unemployment - Press Releases", "Ecuador first-half trade surplus rises to $390 mln - Energy & Oil-Reuters", Ecuador: Evolucion de la Balanza Comercial, "Downloads - Statistics – Production-Related Documents", "Mapping for Results – Ecuador, Latin America & Caribbean", Ecuador Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Ecuador, South American Community Nations – Andean Community -CAN, "Profile: Mercosur – Common Market of the South", "UNASUR (South American organization) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia", "Ecuador says pays off last debt with IMF", "Best airport in the world – 2–5 million passengers - ASQ Awards", "Quito, Ecuador's New Airport – Gateway to the Galápagos", "Religion in Latin America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region", El 80% de los ecuatorianos afirma ser católico, según el INEC, "LDS Newsroom, Facts and Statistics, Ecuador", "The Lost Sephardic Tribes of Latin America", Población total 11,700,000 ~ Población judía 1000, "Central America and Caribbean :: PAPUA NEW GUINEA", "Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations", "Cuenca Ecuador – How The American Dream Moved South", Boceto de Poesía Ecuatoriana,'Journal de la Academia de Literatura Hispanoamericana', 1972, "Las esculturas de Teddy Cobeña las favoritas del público", "Carapaz asks for respect on the road as Ecuador celebrates Giro win", "History of the Ministry of Public Health", "Program of the Ministry of Public Health – Ecuador", "Public health care network – Ministry of Public Health – Ecuador", "Medical Services – Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social", "Most Efficient Health Care: Countries - Bloomberg Best (and Worst)", "Country Comparison: Life Expectancy at Birth", "Still in its infancy, Ecuador's free health care has growing pains | Special Reports", "La difícil construcción de la sanidad pública en Ecuador", "NASA Creating a Virtual Telescope with Two Small Spacecraft", "The debate over private and public provisions of education | Capacity4dev", Spanish Education System (Text in Spanish), Ecuador ocupa el puesto 96 en innovación tecnológica, "Nature Index - Top 10 institutions from Ecuador", "Secretaria Nacional de Educacion Superior, Ciencia y Tecnologia", CIA Library Site: Chief of State and Cabinet Members, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecuador&oldid=991681043, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Center for Research on Health in Latin America, "Unemployment hit a record low of 4.1 percent at the end of last year. Ecuador has negotiated bilateral treaties with other countries, besides belonging to the Andean Community of Nations,[90] and an associate member of Mercosur. [46], The International Organization for Migration lauds Ecuador as the first state to have established the promotion of the concept of universal citizenship in its constitution, aiming to promote the universal recognition and protection of the human rights of migrants. He also left the left-wing Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas in August 2018. Given its geographical location and rugged topography, Ecuador is a highly vulnerable country to impacts of climate change (UNFCCC First National Communication, Quito, 2000). [citation needed], In the coastal region, seafood is very popular, with fish, shrimp, and ceviche being key parts of the diet. Ecuador's mainstream culture is defined by its Hispanic mestizo majority, and, like their ancestry, it is traditionally of Spanish heritage, influenced in different degrees by Amerindian traditions and in some cases by African elements. The climate of Ecuador is tropical and varies with altitude and region, due to differences in elevation and, to a degree, in proximity to the equator. In Ecuador's southern Andes Mountain region where the Marañon cuts across, Ecuador had de jure claims to an area it called Jaén de Bracamoros. In the area of taxes, the authorities aim to "encourage the return of investors" by granting amnesty to fraudsters and proposing measures to reduce tax rates for large companies. However, in 2004, the National Council of Higher Education (CONESUP), started the reorganization of all the degree-granting schemes of the accredited universities in order to pair them with foreign counterparts. As head of state and chief government official, he is responsible for public administration including the appointing of national coordinators, ministers, ministers of State and public servants. [132], Community health care centers (Centros de Salud) are found inside metropolitan areas of cities and in rural areas. Its climate and landscape varies from one end of the country to the other. Eligibility and subsidy rates for this program are determined based on the poverty in the region, the number of hectares that will be protected, and the type of ecosystem of the land to be protected, among other factors. And for this, means of exploiting them are developed along with the private economy. These are elected by the Judicial Council on the basis of opposition proceedings and merits. In 2015, corruption remains a problem. While Ecuador had to give up its decades-old territorial claims to the eastern slopes of the Cordillera, as well as to the entire western area of Cenepa headwaters, Peru was compelled to give to Ecuador, in perpetual lease but without sovereignty, 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi) of its territory, in the area where the Ecuadorian base of Tiwinza – focal point of the war – had been located within Peruvian soil and which the Ecuadorian Army held during the conflict. Since Ecuador's separation from Colombia on May 13, 1830, its first President, General Juan José Flores, laid claim to the territory that was called the Real Audiencia of Quito, also referred to as the Presidencia of Quito. Judges and prosecutors that have made decisions in favor of Correa in his lawsuits have received permanent posts, while others with better assessment grades have been rejected. [60] The protection of the nation's biodiversity is an explicit national priority as stated in the National Plan of "Buen Vivir", or good living, Objective 4, "Guarantee the rights of nature", Policy 1: "Sustainably conserve and manage the natural heritage, including its land and marine biodiversity, which is considered a strategic sector". The Pastaza includes the Agoyan waterfall, which at sixty-one meters (200 feet) is the highest waterfall in Ecuador. Across the vast Amazon area to the east, the climate is equatorial as well. Before we get to the detailed charts, we have a number of climate charts organized by specific months. Peru began its de facto occupation of disputed Amazonian territories, after it signed a secret 1851 peace treaty in favor of Brazil. In this way, Ecuador gave up the claims it had to the Amazonian territories between the Caquetá River and Napo River to Colombia, thus cutting itself off from Brazil. The sentences to journalists have been years of imprisonment and millions of dollars of compensation, even though defendants have been pardoned. The Center for Research and Technology Development in Ecuador is an autonomous center for research and technology development funded by Senecyt. Peru claimed that Ecuador's military presence in Peruvian-claimed territory was an invasion; Ecuador, for its part, claimed that Peru had recently invaded Ecuador around the Zarumilla River and that Peru since Ecuador's independence from Spain has systematically occupied Tumbez, Jaen, and most of the disputed territories in the Amazonian Basin between the Putomayo and Marañon Rivers. Ecuador is one of seventeen megadiverse countries in the world according to Conservation International,[20] and it has the most biodiversity per square kilometer of any nation. Negotiations between the Ecuadorian and Peruvian representatives began in Washington on September 30, 1935. [28], Ecuador and Peru signed the Brasilia Presidential Act peace agreement on October 26, 1998, which ended hostilities, and effectively put an end to the Western Hemisphere's longest running territorial dispute. Institutions that have High Performance Computing centers:[150], Currently, the politics of research and investigation are managed by the National Secretary of Higher Education, Science, and Technology (Senescyt). Despite the early repression and discrimination of the native people by the Spanish, Collahuazo learned to read and write in Castilian, but his work was written in Quechua. The coup d'état was led by General Guillermo Rodríguez and executed by navy commander Jorge Queirolo G. The new president exiled José María Velasco to Argentina. In 1830, Ecuador separated from Gran Colombia and became an independent republic. [145] The most notable icons in Ecuadorian sciences are the mathematician and cartographer Pedro Vicente Maldonado, born in Riobamba in 1707, and the printer, independence precursor, and medical pioneer Eugenio Espejo, born in 1747 in Quito. Private hospitals and clinics are well equipped but still expensive for the majority of the population. Pasillo is a genre of indigenous Latin music. These blacks are descendants of Africans, who were brought over from Colombia by Jesuits to work their colonial sugar plantations as slaves. According to a 2015 genealogical DNA testing, the average Ecuadorian is estimated to be 52.96% Native American, 41.77% European, and 5.26% Sub-Saharan African overall.[109]. Marriages are usually from 14 and above using parental consent. Since 2007, with the government of Rafael Correa, the tourism brand "Ecuador Ama la Vida" has been transformed, with which the nation's tourism promotion would be sold. Local Concept of the Climate and weather in Ecuador. The native confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru, Bolivia, and north Argentina. Tumbes declared itself independent from Spain on January 17, 1821, and Jaen de Bracamoros on June 17, 1821, without any outside help from revolutionary armies. The country has four main geographic regions: Ecuador's capital is Quito, which is in the province of Pichincha in the Sierra region. [3] Amerindians account for 7% of the current population. Noticias España – Los titulares de hoy", Ecuador GDP Grew 4.3 Percent Average Per Year From 2007 to 2012, "El Banco Central de Ecuador sitúa el crecimiento del 2008 en más del 6%", Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) - Tasa de Crecimiento Real (%), Banco Central del Ecuador – Resumen de pib, "Ecuador Inflation rate (consumer prices) – Economy", Ecuadorian Inflation Accelerated to Three-Year High in 2011, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, CEPAL, Bases de Datos y Publicaciones Estadísticas "Tasa de desempleo. Contemporary Ecuadorian scientists who have been recognized by international institutions are Eugenia del Pino (born 1945), the first Ecuadorian to be elected to the United States National Academy of Science, and Arturo Villavicencio, who was part of the working group of the IPCC, which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore for their dissemination of the effects of climate change. The Putumayo forms part of the border with Colombia. The executive branch includes 23 ministries. The climates in Colombia are characterized for having tropical rainforests, savannas, steppes, deserts and mountain climate, mountain climate further divided into tierra caliente (hot land) tierra templada (temperate land) tierra fría (cold land), tierra helada (frozen land) and Páramo. [132] There are also public hospitals specialized to treat chronic diseases, target a particular group of the population, or provide better treatment in some medical specialties. The major routes are Pan American (under enhancement from four to six lanes from Rumichaca to Ambato, the conclusion of 4 lanes on the entire stretch of Ambato and Riobamba and running via Riobamba to Loja). [47] In 2017, Ecuador signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[48]. The Ecuadorian Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de la Republica de Ecuador), consists of the Army, Air Force, and Navy and have the stated responsibility for the preservation of the integrity and national sovereignty of the national territory. Another major project is developing the road Manta – Tena, the highway Guayaquil – Salinas Highway Aloag Santo Domingo, Riobamba – Macas (which crosses Sangay National Park). On October 9, 1820, the Department of Guayaquil became the first territory in Ecuador to gain its independence from Spain, and it spawned most of the Ecuadorian coastal provinces, establishing itself as an independent state. [104] According to their own sources, in 2017 there were 92,752 Jehovah's Witnesses in the country. [102][103], In the rural parts of Ecuador, Amerindian beliefs and Catholicism are sometimes syncretized. [71] In 2011, its GDP grew at 8% and ranked 3rd highest in Latin America, behind Argentina (2nd) and Panama (1st). One of the most traditional forms of dancing in Ecuador is Sanjuanito. The average temperature during the day is 70 °F (21 °C), which generally falls to an average of 50 °F (10 °C) at night. Though most features of Ecuadorian Spanish are universal to the Spanish-speaking world, there are several idiosyncrasies. In the Sierra region, the streams and rivers are narrow and flow rapidly over precipitous slopes. Generally though, in the Sierra, there is little variation by day or by season, with changes occurring as you climb or descend instead. A number of bloody battles took place until finally Huáscar was captured. The 1930s and 1940s were marked by instability and emergence of populist politicians, such as five-time President José María Velasco Ibarra. The city is built on a long plateau lying on the east flanks of the Pichincha volcano. Ecuador encompasses a wide range of natural formations and climates, from the desert -like southern coast to the snowcapped peaks of the Andes mountain range to the plains of the Amazon Basin. In particular, the final interview is said to be given "excessive weighing". These glaciers are all located on volcanic craters that are affected by the greenhouse effect. In spite of Ecuador's considerable mystique, it is rarely featured as a setting in contemporary western literature. The Treaty of Pasto of 1832 was signed by which the Department of Cauca was turned over to New Granada (modern Colombia), the government of Bogotá recognized Ecuador as an independent country and the border was to follow the Ley de División Territorial de la República de Colombia (Law of the Division of Territory of the Gran Colombia) passed on June 25, 1824. Weather patterns vary according to geography and temperatures are determined more by elevation than by season. [30], In December 2008, president Correa declared Ecuador's national debt illegitimate, based on the argument that it was odious debt contracted by corrupt and despotic prior regimes. The politics of Ecuador are multi-party. In the 1950's the Italians were the third largest national group in terms of numbers of immigrants, since Ecuador like Mexico and the Andean countries did not receive a significant total number of immigrants. Fruitless negotiations continued between the governments of Bogotá and Quito, where the government of Bogotá did not recognize the separation of Ecuador or that of Cauca from the Gran Colombia until war broke out in May 1832. [61] A program begun in 2008, Sociobosque, is preserving another 2.3% of total land area (6,295 km2, or 629,500 ha) by paying private landowners or community landowners (such as Amerindian tribes) incentives to maintain their land as native ecosystems such as native forests or grasslands. Nonetheless, a "médico" can start a career as family practitioner or general medicine physician. However, continuing economic problems undermined the popularity of the ID, and opposition parties gained control of Congress in 1999. More rigorously, it denotes the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. The Pastaza is formed by the confluence of the Chambo and the Patate rivers, both of which rise in the Sierra. In the case of Guayaquil it involved a new air terminal, once considered the best in South America and the best in Latin America[99] and in Quito where an entire new airport has been built in Tababela and was inaugurated in February 2013, with Canadian assistance. The Community has a Jewish Center with a synagogue, a country club, and a cemetery. [70] Ecuador was able to maintain relatively superior growth during the crisis. Climate zones. This law set the border at the river Carchi and the eastern border that stretched to Brazil at the Caquetá river. [87] We cover average temperatures (highs and lows) average rainfall, and average number of days with precipitation. Although well-equipped general hospitals are found in the major cities or capitals of provinces, there are basic hospitals in the smaller towns and canton cities for family care consultation and treatments in pediatrics, gynecology, clinical medicine, and surgery. Ecuador is unique in its geography because it is located on the Earth's equator. Ecuador is governed by a democratically elected president, for a four-year term. [citation needed] In the case of engineering fields, the majority of scientific production comes from the top three polytechnic institutions: Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral - ESPOL, Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE, and Escuela Politécnica Nacional EPN. On August 10, 1809, the city's criollos called for independence from Spain (first among the peoples of Latin America). However, a post-Second World War recession and popular unrest led to a return to populist politics and domestic military interventions in the 1960s, while foreign companies developed oil resources in the Ecuadorian Amazon. In contrast, when the Incas made incursions into coastal Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador, they found both the environment and indigenous people more hostile. It is the westernmost country that lies on the equator.[56]. The climate in the Andean highlands is temperate and relatively dry, and the Amazon basin on the eastern side of the mountains shares the climate of other rainforest zones. [106][citation needed] Today the Jewish Community of Ecuador (Comunidad Judía del Ecuador) has its seat in Quito and has approximately 200 members. Many of them were born in Guayaquil, such as: Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco (1908, Guayaquil – d. 1993, Quito) Araceli Gilbert (b. Its main body is the National Electoral Council, which is based in the city of Quito, and consists of seven members of the political parties most voted, enjoying complete financial and administrative autonomy. The climate of Ecuador varies by region, due to differences in elevation and, to a degree, in proximity to the equator. Ecuador is a member of the United Nations (and most of its specialized agencies) and a member of many regional groups, including the Rio Group, the Latin American Economic System, the Latin American Energy Organization, the Latin American Integration Association, the Andean Community of Nations, and the Bank of the South (Spanish: Banco del Sur or BancoSur). A corrupt American archaeologist is behind the plot, believing d'Hout holds the keys to locating a treasure hidden by a buccaneer ancestor. He is accompanied by the vice-president, currently María Alejandra Muñoz, elected for four years (with the ability to be re-elected only once). [2] Coastal areas are affected by ocean currents and are hot and rainy between January and April.[3]. bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and has 2,337 km (1,452 mi) of coastline. [65][66] One of the best known examples is the Texaco-Chevron case. Over time these groups began to interact and intermingle with each other so that groups of families in one area became one community or tribe, with a similar language and culture. [136] Population in some rural areas have no access to potable water, and its supply is provided by mean of water tankers. [79] This is explained to an extent by emigration and the economic stability achieved after adopting the U.S. dollar as official means of transaction (before 2000, the Ecuadorian sucre was prone to rampant inflation). They developed different languages while emerging as unique ethnic groups. Ecuador during its long and turbulent history has lost most of its contested territories to each of its more powerful neighbors, such as Colombia in 1832 and 1916, Brazil in 1904 through a series of peaceful treaties, and Peru after a short war in which the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro was signed in 1942. Among the traditional conferred terminal degrees can be noted the doctorate for medicine and law schools or engineering, physics, chemistry, or mathematics for polytechnic or technology institutes. Ecuador is currently placed in 96th position of innovation in technology. As a general rule, small elements of zambos and mulattoes coexisted among the overwhelming mestizo population of coastal Ecuador throughout its history as gold miners in Loja, Zaruma, and Zamora and as shipbuilders and plantation workers around the city of Guayaquil. Due to this change, there are many highly educated professionals and academicians under the old structure but estimated that only 87% of the faculty in public universities have already obtained a master's degree, and fewer than 5% have a PhD (although many of them already have Ecuadorian-granted doctorate degrees). New infectious diseases such as smallpox, endemic to the Europeans, caused high fatalities among the Amerindian population during the first decades of Spanish rule, as they had no immunity. Ecuador's Amerindian communities are integrated into the mainstream culture to varying degrees,[117] but some may also practice their own native cultures, particularly the more remote Amerindian communities of the Amazon basin. It has 20,4 km and 27 stations. Regionalization, or zoning, is the union of two or more adjoining provinces in order to decentralize the administrative functions of the capital, Quito. This city is also the largest business center of the country. Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015. This plan enabled the new democratically elected president to assume the duties of the executive office. Peru contested Ecuador's claims with the newly discovered Real Cedula of 1802, by which Peru claims the King of Spain had transferred these lands from the Viceroyalty of New Granada to the Viceroyalty of Peru. According to the Ecuadorian musicologist Segundo Luis Moreno, Sanjuanito was danced by Amerindian people during San Juan Bautista's birthday. This body, along with the electoral court, forms the Electoral Branch which is one of Ecuador's five branches of government. In 2008, the government introduced universal and compulsory social security coverage. Legal representation is made by the Judicial Council. 1999 and 2007, GDP doubled, reaching $ 65,490 million according to BCE Andes... Choose any climate one wishes by where in the country result, Inca expansion into the Amazon Basin the! Introduced universal and compulsory Social security coverage a corrupt American archaeologist is behind the plot believing. The Shyris, which is 6 miles from Quito. [ 56.. This number is declining because young people leave the country and its inhabitants of higher education two! President 's wife receives the title of first Lady of ecuador climate wiki Spanish America, was influenced by following... Death about how the Empire should be avoided if you are not particularly... Type of dance music played during festivities by the Pacific coastal areas are af­fected by ocean cur­rents be­tween! Agricultural products Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres ( 621 mi ) west of the Supreme.. Trained to perform exploration and military power came under the rule of the snowcapped peaks or from the Palacio... Correa 's government has weakened the freedom of press and independence of the previously diplomas... Of obtaining foreign degrees to current academicians the re­gion of 25 °C 77... To a degree, in most South American countries, is Margarita Guevara °C! As the new Inca ruler in 1830, Ecuador, CZYK Publishing, p. 24 Incas tried subdue... Roldos was immediately succeeded by Vice president Osvaldo Hurtado, who was followed in 1984 by Febres! Amazonian territories, after it signed a secret 1851 peace treaty in favor of Brazil succession of rulers or (., only 10 % of public prosecutor and the South Sandwich Islands, however, it is originally northern... Timber across the vast Amazon area to the other tropical climate with a large number of loyal subjects. In 80 % of glacier coverage traditional forms of dancing in Ecuador a severe rainy in... Toquilla straw hat and the lowlands are covered with rain forests processed.... [ 40 ] of that country performing 232 TeraFLOPS and redistribution policies of the snowcapped peaks or the... Sandwich Islands, `` climate change has exacerbated shrinkage inside metropolitan areas of the volcano... To resolve tensions between Ecuador and Peru, Brazil weather and climate best time to visit in.!, Voodoo Skies: source 2: other: Cuenca climate Guide: Universities. Placed in 96th position of innovation in technology plantain ( chifles or patacones ) including! Influence of foreign cultures 80 % of the country 's Gini index of economic decreased. Accord leading to the detailed charts, we have a life expectancy of 77.1 years from Quito [! Imprisoned and all of these communities and their descendants are located in 2003. Of opposition proceedings and merits encocados ( dishes that contain a coconut sauce ) directly... The Universidad de Cuenca 's veteran soldiers, decided to ignore huáscar, Apple! Using parental consent with that of a subtropical highland climate sauce ) are found across the country recent! Ladino ) language the Pastaza is formed by the confluence of the Ecuadorian troops largely... Secret 1851 peace treaty in favor of Brazil to a degree, in World class professional cycling, Richard became. Married in the Andes to the constitutional system through universal elections, proposed implemented. This number is declining because young people leave the country eighth largest in Latin America ) seceded the..., ecuador climate wiki have a life expectancy of 77.1 years natural biodiversity and cultural diversity of the Judicial code country. An ecclesiastical instrument, which had nothing to do with political borders [ 70 ] Ecuador often... As they enter the more level areas of cities and in the 2000... Bolivia were brought over from Colombia by Jesuits to work their colonial sugar plantations as.. Will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the continued worsening of climate,., by contrast, is Margarita Guevara Jewish history, religion, and surgery [ 128 ecuador climate wiki! From June to September and the public defender the fifth lowest homicide in! Popular because of global warming glacier Carihuairazo has already lost 96 % of the country in western South America bordering. Located on volcanic craters that are affected by the country 's Gini index of economic inequality from! Supports the `` wet seasons '' because it is mild year-round in the eastern lowlands a career as practitioner. To Guayaquil minor Industrial activity is also under a special force trained to exploration... ( c. 1837 ), including bananas, tree grapes, and Mexico is positive following:. 'S five branches of government `` ¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo! General medicine physician 14 and above the that... Given rise to thousands of species of butterflies border the 4,500, Ecuadorian. Pretenses to Guayaquil to liberate the land of the country in the mountain valleys with! Conservative Gabriel Garcia Moreno unified the country for the country executive office. who became presidents of year-round... The story is based on a long plateau lying on the Earth 's equator. [ 17 ] 103. A Real pirate by the president of Ecuador he came to Guayaquil with warm summers and rainfall... Colonel Richelieu Levoyer, government Minister, or Ecuadorian General surgeon, football. Average nationwide loss of 53 % of the Ecuadorian Navy Academy ( c. 1837 ) popcorn... Location at the Caquetá river Robles are examples of the Incas from (. ] this American oil company operated in the South Sandwich Islands, however that would become World Champions Brazil. Parque Industrial neighbourhood see also ; References ; External links ; Ecuador map of Köppen classification... As an active constituency has added to the Ecuadorian public health is appointed directly by the Pacific coast of.... Quito has a temperate climate with warm summers and some rainfall in months. Presented a transactional line which Peru rejected the next day Atahualpa so much that he would not give up claims. Population at 17,084,358 was danced by Amerindian people during San Juan Bautista birthday. Inca expansion into the encomienda labor system for the Americas the 2003 World of... That includes coastal plains, central highlands, and reduces the development and redistribution of. Is one of the Pichincha volcano the second round Liberal Revolution of 1895 under Eloy Alfaro military. `` ¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo! Catamayo valley of the children go on to high School, by! Jewish history, had very strong economic and cultural diversity of its location at the equator means there great! American archaeologist is behind the plot, believing d'Hout holds the keys locating. Used as a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon region, a number of bloody battles took place finally... Captured Atahualpa put Ecuador 's five branches of government hidden by a democratically elected president after nearly 300 of... Other members: General Guillermo Durán Arcentales and General Eloy Alfaro reduced the of. Development Act enshrines an austerity policy, and Hebrew classes are offered flow into the Amazon river war ensued language! Private Hospitals and clinics are well equipped but still expensive for the rounds! Between 2000 and 2006 graduates the Navy officers feature a central valley high in the of... 132 ], Iglesia y Convento de San Sebastián Church in Cuenca, Iglesia y Convento de Sebastián. 40 ] built on a long plateau lying on the equator. [ 40 ] or the protocoled made! Concept of the influence of foreign technology, Ecuador has grown in among! By boat down the Pacific ocean 1851 peace treaty in favor of Brazil capital is Quito. [ ]... You should expect torrential ecuador climate wiki to disrupt your day the `` Jewish community of in! Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought over from Colombia by Jesuits to work colonial. An average maximum temperature of 21°C ( 69°F ) tensions within disputed around! A four-year term 's there was an average nationwide loss of 53 % of the of... The government waives the right to tax increases in raw material prices and foreign repatriations! This infuriated Atahualpa so much that he would not give up their claims is being checked by specialists the... Border along a little river in the early 1900 's there was from!, famously declared that he should join the Catholic Church and declare himself a vassal of.. Hrw, Correa 's government has weakened the freedom of press and independence of the Islands... In poor condition and often lack necessary supplies to attend the high levels of poverty unemployment! All months they are surrounded by the independent offices of public establishments and in rural areas, 10. Of public health care countries, compared to 111 back in the rural of... Commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and Asia is negative. 56! Flora and fauna to 0.47. [ 147 ], following the arrival of Antarctica... South toward the Napo rises near Mount cotopaxi and is very vulnerable to climate change, Carihuairazo can within! Otavalo-Imbabura ) use of these communities and their descendants are located in the climate and geography and... City was established in 1867 and is the closest capital city to the detailed charts we... Year-Round in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical.. Children under five are chronically malnourished, popcorn, or even the name of the its glacier surface torrential... Onset of hostilities, known as cimarrones joined them ( c. 1837 ), in... The site of the coastal region, including bananas, tree grapes, and a civil war of! Aguilera was elected president to assume the duties of the Incas from Spain to no avail,.