However, screw extruders, which are similar to SHE in several ways, are known to be used for melting of polymers. In thermal fluid systems, however, the heat from the primary source is transferred to a circulating fluid, which is pumped to a heat exchanger that can then be used to heat a secondary fluid, thus providing an indirect heat transfer path. when working on air-conditioning systems. A complete study of corrosion for KNO3–NaNO3 binary mixture with different levels of impurities was made by Goods and Bradshaw using samples of stainless steel and carbon steel (Goods and Bradshaw, 2003). Thomas Register® and A thermal power Plant / Station is used to convert heat energy to electric power / Energy for household and commercial applications.In the process of electric power generation, steam-operated turbines convert heat in to mechanical power and then finally electric power. (7.21), but to apply the same testing conditions to all receivers under consideration to simplify testing. (7.20). Installed thermal oil boiler. Image Credit: sunset_girl/Shutterstock.com. The thermal mass meter measures gas flow based on the concept of convective heat transfer. Typical impurities present in commercial nitrates. Characteristic for the degradation process are the constant A and the activation energy Ea. Another advantage of this thermal oil is its low vapor pressure (1.06 MPa at 398°C), which reduces the pressure required in the solar field piping to keep the oil in a liquid phase when it is at its maximum working temperature. Using Thermal Fluid Heating Systems Instead of Direct Fired Systems. As temperatures are usually measured with thermocouples, the systematic temperature measurement errors and their correction need to be addressed. Thomas uses cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Features Of Thermic Fluid Heater. While there are some upfront costs required to shift from traditional steam-based devices to hot oil heaters, the long-term safety benefits and low maintenance costs provide for a positive return on investment. Viscosity data are measured using viscometers and are typically provided by the manufacturers. But today, the use of oil as a thermal fluid is becoming more and more common. Determine optimized cycles for the following working fluids: ammonia–water with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% ammonia concentration, R141b, R123, R21, cyclohexane. Use Equation (10.5) and meaningful assumptions for thermodynamic modeling. Working Principle he boiling point of water is directly proportional to T pressure. Accelerated aging of parabolic trough receivers is an important means to assure the performance over the lifetime and time of warranty. Copyright© 2020 Thomas Publishing Company. Welcome to Thomas Insights — every day, we publish the latest news and analysis to keep our readers up to date on what’s happening in industry. We are using the power of our platform to aid in the mass shortage of critical supplies. A general statement on the usage of water/steam in SHE can be formulated based on reviewing different manufacturers: steam in SHE is mainly used for heating applications above the point where the steam condenses to avoid the rather complex condensate handling. Assume that the net generated power is 100 MW. Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers. COVID-19 Response ​Adapted with permission from documentation elaborated by ITI engineering. In most scenarios like this, the heat exchanger employs a working fluid to transfer heat from a source to a different location. Furthermore, because of geographical features, energies are peculiar to a region, which will make their intelligent employment desirable. All Rights Reserved. The use of SHE for melting applications is not known. The results indicate that in the binary nitrate mixtures, the annualized rates of metal loss were found to be between 6 and 15 pm/year for the stainless steel specimens at 570 °C depending on the composition of the mixture. A. Guercio, R. Bini, in Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Power Systems, 2017. (7.20) disappears in Eq. Fulton thermal fluid systems can reach 750°F (345°C) making them an ideal choice for many process heat applications. In general, horizontal hot oil heater transfer systems allow for better access to the device for maintenance operations, but they also take up more floor space. All three of these fluids have advantages and disadvantages when compared to thermal oil, as listed in Table 7.7. Compare the exergy efficiency of these cycles. Because of the nature of the atmosphere, ambient energies are available globally in varying quantities and each region will need to decide its appropriate use of these energies. The thermal oils currently used as heat transfer fluids have two clear limitations, their degradation at temperatures above 400 °C and the environmental and fire hazards due to possible leakages. If the lubricating system fail, an engine would succumb to overheating and seizing very quickly. Currently molten salt and thermal oil are used as liquid storage media for large-scale thermal storage. Despite the feasibility of energy storage using this salt having already been proved, one of the challenges to be addressed by R & D in the thermosolar market is the improvement of this fluid to build the next generation of centrals more cheaply and profitably than so far. Figure 3.9 shows a heliostat field with a flat receiver mounted on a tower of 100 m height. [10]. (7.22). But in many applications, the secondary fluid may be corrosive, making this approach very difficult, if not impossible. The thermal limit imposed by these oils is a serious barrier to increasing power block efficiency, because the temperature of the steam delivered to the power block cannot be higher than 390 °C, thereby limiting steam turbine efficiency. Such systems must use a storage medium that melts during charging by steam condensation. Plus, this approach offers little control over heat transfer. The system is fuelled with syngas. [89] propose performing thermal cycling tests on receivers from 200°C to the overheating temperature calculated according to Eq. Refrigerator working principle The working principle of a refrigerator (and refrigeration, in general) is very simple: it involves the removal of heat from one region and its deposition to another. The last stage of the thermal oil boiler is the economizer, where the temperature of the combustion gas is reduced and the convective heat transfer requires large exchange surfaces. The main characteristics they present are a suitable density and specific heat, a low chemical reactivity and vapor pressure, together with a lower cost than other fluids used for storage. Hence Pernpeintner et al. 1. Sign up here to get the day’s top stories delivered straight to your inbox. Get a Quote There are propane, natural gas and electric heaters. They can also be employed in a large range of applications across diverse industries, including oil and gas, water and wastewater, and process heating. This, by heating the coil through radiation and convection. E. Zarza Moya, in Concentrating Solar Power Technology, 2012. Figure 15.12. A thermal oil boiler fires through a helical coil and generates energy from the hot products of combustion. A. Bowen, in Solar Energy Conversion, 1979. A thermal hot oil heater can serve as an effective solution if all of these precautions are taken. 15.12 and 15.13) transfers the heat content in the combustion gas to the thermal oil. The choice between a steam system or a thermal fluid system is governed by the process requirements. directly correlated to the working frequency of the generator used; higher it is, much more the induced currents concentrate on the surface. •Always record the date and the amount of fluid addition. These properties, together with its affordable price, are the reasons why no other thermal oil is nowadays used in CSTP plants. Carlsson [87] describes the method used for collectors for domestic hot water systems. Stefan Hess, in Renewable Heating and Cooling, 2016. Typical impurities present in commercially available nitrate salts used for thermal storage systems are shown in Table 3.2. where R is the ideal gas constant. Thermal Fluid vs. The study indicated that the corrosion rate increased by 20% when 7.5 wt.% Na2SO4 was added. Consider a thermoelectric system driven by concentrated solar radiation, similar to that shown in Figure 10.11, which generates power and hot water. 100 cycles times are proposed in Ref. Steam A thermal fluid (hot oil) system operates in a closed loop circulation system with minimal pressure. The use of the same molten salt in the solar field and in the thermal storage system has clear advantages, because the molten salt currently used has good thermal stability up to 575 °C (175 °C higher than the oil) and the overall plant configuration would be simpler, because the oil/molten-salt heat exchanger now needed in current plants would no longer be needed. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005101000156, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845697693500078, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781782420880500031, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128114797000075, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128053232000059, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123838605000109, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081004470000079, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080247441500243, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781782422136000035, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008100447000002X, Biomass-fired Organic Rankine Cycle combined heat and power systems, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Power Systems, Parabolic-trough concentrating solar power (CSP) systems, Using molten salts and other liquid sensible storage media in thermal energy storage (TES) systems, Advances in Thermal Energy Storage Systems, A Comprehensive Guide to Solar Energy Systems, The working fluid currently used in CSTP plants with PTC is a, High Temperature Thermal Storage Systems Using Phase Change Materials, Currently, SHE are mainly used for heating and cooling applications, with, New methods and instruments for performance and durability assessment, The Performance of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Systems, Accelerated aging of parabolic trough receivers is an important means to assure the performance over the lifetime and time of warranty. In the case of heating, there can be several heating control circuits, sometimes designated W1, W2, etc., where the thermostat may activate one or more heaters depending on the difference between the desired temperature and the actual Heat exchangers are used in the transfer of thermal energy from one system to another when direct heat transfer is not possible. The key boiler components involved in this process are the burner, combustion chamber, heat … Thomas Regional® are part of Thomasnet.com. The plant has a thermal power of 29 MW and is located in Coalinga, California, USA. To promote the use of lower cost nitrates, several studies of corrosion have been conducted to determine the impact of some impurities on the compatibility with container materials. http://www.tfsheat.com/high-efficiency-thermal-fluid-heating-systems.html, http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/68450-will-thermal-oils-replace-steam-as-a-heat-transfer-media/, https://www.process-heating.com/articles/84799-tips-hot-oil-systems, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X14000045, https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=14725, Energy Tech Company's West Virginia Project Expected to Create 1,000 Jobs, The Home Depot Buys Back MRO Products Distributor It Had Previously Divested, NASA Selects Nokia to Build a 4G Network on the Moon, World's Leading Producer of Wet Wipes to Expand, Add 300 Jobs in Arkansas, Cummins to Open Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plant in Germany, Electric Vehicle Startup Considers Arizona, Tennessee for New Factory, Contract Manufacturer Mack Hands Out $15 Million in Employee Bonuses, Heralded as "Beginning of a Paradigm Shift," Electric Vehicle Startup Plans $46 Million South Carolina Microfactory, Painting Auto Parts Is a Problem, So Let's Ditch It, Honda Gets Ready to Mass-produce Level 3 Autonomous Cars, Expert Tips for Setting up Robotics in Your Warehouse, The Supply Chain Isn't Sleeping on This Wellness Trend. In most industrial processes, heat is generated by the direct combustion of a hydrocarbon; in general, it’s unsafe to directly transfer heat from this source to a load. Absorber coatings have to withstand operating temperatures around 400°C for thermal oil plants and above 550°C for direct steam or solar salt plants. For the handling of adhesive products, different mechanisms to establish a self-cleaning effect are available, namely co-current rotating, fully intermeshing screw shafts, or counter-current rotating and fully intermeshing screw shafts. One manufacturer stated experience with a means to adequately drain the condensed water from the screw shafts. The coil heats the thermal oil or fluid that is pumped through the thermal oil boiler. The thermal limit of this oil and its environmental hazards are the reasons why alternative working fluids are being investigated. Under these conditions, this thermal oil can be used for more than 30 years. For example, the chloride ion must be taken into account, as it can accelerate corrosion at high temperature (Davies et al., 1973). Since steam condensation takes place at a constant temperature, special thermal storage systems based on latent heat are needed. The actual load is the number of BTUs or calories of heat energy that must be added. This results in different rotational speeds of the shafts. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. However, since higher working temperatures in the solar field also increase thermal losses, the overall solar plant efficiency does not increase at the same rate as the power block. The thermal oil boilers can have different shapes and geometries. Singh and Sen (1992) reported the effect of sulphate ions on corrosion of mild steel in molten nitrate. 15.12 and 15.13) transfers the heat content in the combustion gas to the thermal oil.The temperature of the combustion gas at the inlet of the thermal oil boiler is normally about 950°C. Other conditions conducive to mechanical breakdown, such as leaks, must be avoided. This study concluded that for the typical range of impurities in commercially available nitrate salts, corrosion rates for solar thermal energy applications remained acceptable for all of the alloys examined. However, the main problem with this oil is that it is an environmental hazard (if leaks occur) and can be harmful to workers. It is assumed that the degradation of the coating can be described by the Arrhenius equation. Above 500 °C, receivers with air as heat transfer fluid can be used. Advantages and disadvantages of new working fluids compared to thermal oil for parabolic-trough collectors. In the PHE the plates create a frame where the plates are pressed with headers and tie bars, and the seal is guaranteed by gaskets.Gaskets, in addition to their sealing effect, serve to direct the flow of the fluids, and are placed along the grooves at the edges of the plates. With the exception of those cases where a technical requirement necessarily requires a specific type of heat transfer oil, e.g. Solar power tower plant with 3822 heliostats, each consisting of two reflectors with c. 25.5 m², resulting in an aperture area of 194,000 m². Along with the flow rate and geometric information, the viscosity of the HTF is relevant for the predominant flow conditions in a system which in turn determine the pipe and instrument design and layout for flow rate measurement as well as associated pressure drops. The working fluid currently used in CSTP plants with PTC is a thermal oil composed of an eutectic mixture of two very stable compounds: (1) biphenyl (C12H10) and (2) diphenyl oxide (C12H10O). The choice of a vertical or horizontal configuration is based primarily on the specific plant layout and space constraints. Hence, Pernpeintner et al. The Working Principle of Thermal Oil Boiler 2017-10-09 Organic heat carrier boiler is a new type Get a Quote 6000KW walnut shell thermic fluid heater | Industrial walnut shell thermal oil heater working principle for concrete curing plant. Enlist Your Company ico-arrow-default-right. Nonetheless, as a consequence of the elevated operational temperatures prevailing in CSP systems, most designs and operating schemes are likely to be at least partly based on extrapolated viscosity values. The engine lubrication system is to distribute oil to the moving parts to reduce friction between surfaces. The combustion process can seriously endanger the safety of the exposed mechanical components. A thermistor is similar to an RTD, but a semiconductor material is used instead of a metal. Flat, double axis tracked reflectors (heliostats) focus beam irradiance onto a stationary, central receiver tower with flat or cylindrical absorber. The thermal oil boiler (Figs. At a … Table 3.2. N. Janotte, ... L. Ramirez, in The Performance of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Systems, 2017. A thermistor is a solid state device and has larger sensitivity than does an RTD. New fluids are under study for replacing thermal oil: molten salt, pressurized gases and water/steam. Heliostats offer the highest concentration ratios of all ST collectors. Thermal oil heaters operate on the same principle as their steam-based counterparts. Repeat problem 10.2 with cyclohexane as the working fluid. S. Ushak, ... M. Grageda, in Advances in Thermal Energy Storage Systems, 2015. Ibrahim Dincer, Calin Zamfirescu, in Advanced Power Generation Systems, 2014. A thermodynamic design is required for the integrated thermoelectric combustion system described in Figure 10.12. The percentages of most of the impurities must be < 0.02%. First tests furthermore showed the usefulness of limiting the heat-up rate to 5 K/min. Optimize the cycle and determine exergy efficiency. FLAME DETECTORS Most fire detection technology focuses on detecting heat, smoke (particle matter) or flame (light) – the three major characteristics of fire. And in other situations, the secondary fluid may have a desired temperature limit that is low compared with that of the oil (at 350 °C), making this method highly inefficient. [89] proposed not to determine testing time according to Eq. Thomasnet Is A Registered Trademark Of Thomas Publishing Although development of latent-heat storage systems is already under way, much R&D is still needed before commercial units become available. The thermal oil heater design process begins with the identification of the most appropriate setup for a given process system. The melted storage medium must crystallize during discharge to produce the steam required for the power block. WORKING PRINCIPLE. Now these days thermic oil, glycol, or water are common heat mediums which are used by being heated and circulated to heat energy in industrial purpose within a closed loop system. The aperture is set to 25 m2. This yields a testing temperature of Ttest,K of 478°C for receivers to be used with thermal oil having a maximum temperature of 400°C. Company. As discussed earlier, these devices gain heat from a source, carry the thermal energy in an oil pumped through pipelines, and then transfer that energy to the secondary fluid. The three main alternative fluids are: (1) liquid water/steam (direct steam generation), (2) molten salt mixtures, and (3) compressed gases. (A steam can only attain a particular temperature at a particular pressure. Thermal Power Plant Explanation. COVID-19 Response: Source manufacturers & distributors providing COVID-19 medical supplies the transformer to the electric heat heater relay, completing the circuit and activating the heater. A thermic fluid heating system generally used in a system where the pressure is not desired in a process and temperature requirement is higher and using the boiler for high-temperature services may increase the cost of a project.. Can Your Company Help Provide Critical Supplies? Vertical heaters take up less space but can pose accessibility challenges. Other analysis techniques can be useful in coating development. Do a thermodynamic analysis of the trigeneration system in Figure 10.9 using meaningful assumptions. All of these characteristics also have benign sources other than fire, such as heat from steam pipes, particle matter from … A possibility to achieve an improved self-cleaning effect with co-rotating shafts is to have a single threaded shaft with the neighboring one being a double threaded then. •Track heater inlet and outlet temperatures and pressures. A thermal power plant works on the principle of Rankine cycle 1. At atmospheric pressure, water boils at 212°F. This mixture was chosen because it is liquid at atmospheric pressure, has a good relation between storage capacity and price, the working temperatures range is according to the high pressure and temperatures needed in the steam turbines, and they are neither flammable nor toxic (unlike the synthetic oils). Scheme of radiant (right) and convective (left) sections of a thermal oil boiler. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. For example, in the Solar 2 project the amount of molten mixture salt is 1.5 million kg. Molten nitrates are currently the storage fluid used in most of the solar power plants built for commercial purposes so far. The proposed testing temperature was to be determined from the maximum operating temperature in K Tmax,K using. They may be used alone or to replace a recuperative heat system or to replace a steam coil.. At present, the requirements of the chemical quality of the salts in the mixture are very high. The thermal limit of 398°C is another constraint of this thermal oil, because the overall CSTP plant efficiency depends on the temperature of the superheated steam delivered to the power block, and such temperature is limited by the temperature of the oil used to generate it. thermal oil heaters, energy efficient chillers and customized products such as waste heat and exhaust gas boilers. Accelerated aging of entire receivers is relatively expensive. To increase the effective reflector area (i.e., to reduce cosine losses), the tower is located at the southern edge of the field. Other infrared heaters contain three parts that create heat: infrared light bulbs, a heat exchanger (such as a good metal conductor like copper) and a fan that blows air onto the exchanger to create the heat [source: Wasch]. The time for the test ttest can be calculated using Eq. Working Principle Both gas and oil fired boilers use controlled combustion of the fuel to heat water. The outlet temperature of the thermal oil directed to the ORC can rise up to 320°C, due to the use of high quality synthetic oil. For the system with chemical looping combustion shown in Figure 10.13 do a thermodynamic analysis based on energy and exergy methods. Components of sufficient strength are then chosen, and the heater is constructed. How Hot Oil Heaters Work. Below 400°C, heat-up is limited to 5 K/min, at 400°C the temperature is maintained constant for 24 h, and above 400°C the heat-up-rate is limited to 0.05 K/min. For a more detailed description of these mechanisms and a discussion of their differences, see [5]. An important problem with this salt is the necessity to protect it from temperatures higher than 350 °C, using an inert gas, to avoid oxidation of nitrites by oxygen from the air. Molten salt mixtures require higher operating temperatures well beyond their individual melting point. For the system in Figure 10.2 assume that the working fluid is ammonia–water with 25% ammonia concentration and the heat source is combustion gas at 125 °C. In the deaerator, water is heated up to close to its boiling point with a minimum pressure drop and minimum vent. Cooling down is achieved by switching off the power. Thermal oil heaters operate on the same principle as their steam-based counterparts. What is the Thermal Mass Flow Meter Working Principle? Cachafeiro et al. Terms and Conditions, These are achievable and measurable with some rotating viscosimeters [3] due to their viscosity typically being two to three orders of magnitude higher viscosity than that of the typical eutectic mixture of diphenyl oxide and biphenyl thermal oil. See The steam is kept on heating till it becomes superheated. Assuming an equal number of reactions for the same aging result, a test performed at temperature Ttest for the time ttest simulates the aging of the receiver in the solar field that was exposed to temperature Tsim for the time tsim. Gas flows by the heated flow sensor and molecules of the gas transport heat away, the sensor cools, and energy is lost. Some of the available fuels and energy sources include coal, crops grown for energy, fertile nuclear, fission nuclear, geothermal, hydraulic systems including hydroelectric, natural gas, ocean thermal, oil, oil shale and tar sands, solar, tides, waste heat, etc. •Lubricating oil tests that include dissolved metals are not adequate. Hydrogen holds a promising future as a renewable resource energy, and although currently uneconomical to produce, it will be a convenient and desirable replacement for natural gas over the next decades. In the radiant section, the hot gas, due to the very high temperature, transfers the heat mainly by radiation to the heat exchanger pipes containing the thermal oil. Research in the use of a compressed gas (e.g., CO2, air or N2) inside the receiver pipes to convert the solar radiation into thermal energy in the form of the sensible heat of the gas is also under way, because this option would overcome the barriers associated with the thermal stability and fire hazards of thermal oil. Privacy Statement and The main constraint on the use of compressed gas is the pressure drop in the solar field piping, which would demand more pumping power, and therefore, also more internal consumption of electricity. Different and more compact solutions are possible for this section of the plant. Heat pump water heaters use electricity, but work on a completely different principle than regular electric water heaters. Figure 15.13. To reduce the convective heat losses, some designs have the absorbing surface placed inside a cavity receiver. At the same time, the amount of salts used in thermal energy storage systems is very large. The Heat Transfer Innovators. In all cases, look for oil-filled radiators or ceramic space heaters that are UL-certified and come with safety features like anti-tip protection and automatic shut-off. Although the technical feasibility of these three new fluids has been already proven at CIEMAT’s small test facilities in Spain (Zarza et al., 2004; Rodríguez et al., 2009) and ENEA’s in Italy (Maccari, 2006), the three options have to be evaluated and tested in pilot plants large enough to ensure that results can be extrapolated to large commercial plants. We name each heating system component and what it does, in the order that heating system The plant generates steam for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). On the other hand, the main barrier at present is the lack of a suitable thermal storage system for this option, because current storage systems based on sensible heat are not suitable for DSG solar fields, which delivers steam that must be condensed to release its thermal energy. One of the first projects to use mineral oil as a thermal storage medium was SEGS-I which allowed storage for 3 hours. The use of water/steam for direct steam generation (DSG) would also avoid the problem associated with thermal oil, but the two-phase flow (i.e., liquid water + steam) in the evaporating section of every row of collectors in the solar field introduces some technical constraints demanding a more complex solar field control to keep the steam temperature and pressure stable at the solar field outlet during solar radiation transients. Industry professionals employ thermal fluid heating systems for a variety of different reasons, but chief among them is safety. Most commercially available instruments are suitable for operating temperatures up to about 100°C. Determine the design parameters for a 5 kW power generator and extend the system by including cogeneration of space heating and hot water. A trade-off therefore has to be defined between sufficient heat transfer characteristics and high-pressure resistance. However, long-term experience with silicone oils working under real solar conditions is lacking. The thermal oil heats coils in various types of heat … It’s also important to ensure that the working fluid is completely contained and is not exposed to moisture or direct sunlight. The Versatility of Industrial Hot Oil Heaters. In either case, the heat is transferred from the working fluid (thermal oil) to the secondary fluid. Versatile, reliable, and high-performing, hot oil heaters are used in a range of different process industries. Examples of the fields of application include coke preheating for anode production in aluminum industry, ash coolers in coal power plants and drying processes or food processing [2]. Overheating of an entire receiver is achieved using heating cartridges or direct Joule heating similarly to heat loss testing described in Chapter 4. (7.21). How heat pumps work, in this video we'll be discussing how heat pumps work starting from the basics to help you learn HVAC engineering. Besides steam or, • Poor heat transfer in the receiver tubes. The possibility of working with gas at temperatures over 500 °C is also of great interest because thermal storage would be enhanced by the greater difference between the hot and cold temperatures, and less storage medium would be required to store the same amount of energy. [89] that take about 3 weeks to complete in a setup with heating rods and without active cooling. The main advantages of the above described thermal oil boiler (using coils) are the high reliability with a wide range of low quality biomass and no need of active cleaning systems. Mineral oil/petroleum vs. synthetic/aromatic. Extremely versatile, hot oil heat transfer systems allow for very high efficiency. In some industrial processes, it is possible to directly heat the fluid at the load end, or the secondary fluid. It can be determined by performing accelerated aging tests at different temperatures and evaluating Eq. In this case, the heating homogeneity on a relevant mass, can be obtained due to the principle of thermal conduction which allows the heating to be transferred in depth. The activation energy Ea, on the other hand, needs to be known before the test. Assess the system exergy, accounting for the two outputs (power and hot water). The main advantage of this option is that plant configuration is so simple, because the steam demanded by the power block is produced directly in the solar field. Usually, each heliostat is individually controlled. The use of this mixture has made possible the building of commercial plants that reach until 15 hours of energy storage (SENER and Torresol Energy, 2014). The cycle is heated with Duratherm 450 thermal oil at 175 °C and cooled with air at 25 °C.