DOMESTIC MIL-P-6070 AIRCRAFT PLYWOOD American-made structural aircraft-grade plywood is made of imported African Mahogany or American Birch veneers laminated in a hot press to hardwood cores of Poplar or Bass wood with waterproof glue. Exterior plywood came on the scene in 1934 with the development of a waterproof adhesive. First quality marine plywood that meets or exceeds require-ments of specifications PS 1-74. A wide variety of pine plywood waterproof options are available to you, such as project solution capability, warranty, and formaldehyde emission standards. You’ll want it to be pressure treated. Plywood can be made of several different materials arranged in various combinations. Plywood also shows good and uniform dimensional stability across the panel with low edge swelling seen with increased moisture. These tints are light and almost undetectable. Spruce. Mahogany. Today, it refers to all types of engineered panels made from wood products. Aircraft plywood meets MIL-P-6070B. Always cut with the good side down and along the scrap side so it won’t punch out or splinter. The Waterproof Sealant is an excellent choice to waterproof an aquarium. Plywood is also classified as Exterior, Exposure 1, Exposure 2, and Interior. This is an important design characteristic if you're building a boat hull with plywood. Set the depth right and use some extruded foam as a backing board. Engineered wood is manufactured with structured layers of wood with an added plywood base that holds up well against the moisture that can be expected in the bathroom and it looks like just like authentic wood. Create circular saw cutting guides for plywood. This is the best plywood for cabinets. This is the most basic underlying material in exterior plywood. The grain in each layer is perpendicular to the previous layer. It may contains small knots, knotholes or other imperfections. Use This Incredible Technique to Waterproof Wood Furniture. Repeat the … Fir is a common lumber that comes from any number of coniferous trees. Problem is that pt plywood is $35 a sheet. You can remedy that by using, Starts with the right blade, you can use a plywood cutting blade or use a blade you know will cut. The grain in each layer is perpendicular to the previous layer. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer) as we strive to provide site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and security practices. Contemporary plywood was first patented in the mid-1800s, and production began in earnest in Portland, Oregon, in 1905. Hey guys I'm building a rack for a solar heater. What Is Cement Backer Board and How Is It Used? Plywood is made of several layers of veneer, thin sheets of wood sawed off from trees. All plies may have knots, but no knotholes. Use it to create strong walls, roofs, and floors. It can also be used under hardwood, laminate, and carpet, but this is much less common these days because subflooring is typically smooth enough for these materials, many of which are installed with a different type of underlayment or pad. Spruce Plywood Wisa-Spruce is a high quality lightweight multi-purpose panel. Marine-grade plywood is used where exposure to dampness or weather may impede the performance of regular fir or spruce plywood. These qualities are what make this plywood a popular choice for building boats and boat parts. making plywood backing plates waterproof - Yachting and Boating World. The Standard spruce plywood is use for wall, flooring and roofing projects, both interior or exterior. For exterior plywoods an "X" is usually used with two alpha characters. Plywood is a material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another. Marine Plywood Waterproof Plywood Marine Ply Board ... Marine Plywood is a fully structural, hard-wearing ply made with high quality veneers which are cross-laminated for extra strength. How Waterproof Is Fir Wood?. Pine. Softwood plywood is the most common. However, it is possible to find an exterior type of luan that could be used in a shed or another outdoor building project. That is, it's not waterproof. Shop plywood at Lowe's Canada online store. Simply because it outperforms all substitute wood-based panels on the market today. From furniture to cabinets, it has good resistance to moisture in damp and humid conditions, making it a favourite material in tropical areas. Solid surface. It is made from 3 or more layers of pine, spruce, or fir veneer (thin sheets) glued together. Pine, spruce, mahogany, Douglas fir, birch, oak and maple are types of wood used for exterior plywood. Marine plywood is not pressure-treated to resist decay, like pressure-treated lumber and plywood. IndiaMART > Wood, Plywood, Veneer & Laminates > Plywoods > Waterproof Plywood. Get daily tips and tricks for making your best home. Find top brands, compare products, read reviews & get the best deal for your plywood. Softwood plywood is usually made from softwood, such as cedar, Douglas fir or spruce, pine, fir or redwood and is typically used for construction and industrial purposes. Labeling like A/C fir, or could be ACX, would be an exterior grade, with an "A" face veneer, a "C" back veneer. plywood flooring waterproof covering. Is luan plywood waterproof? Our latest shed is also a pavilion—and you can build it, too! All are Douglas Fir. Check your local building codes to see the requirements. Most luan plywood is designed to be used indoors, meaning that it is not waterproof. The Subfloor Is the Foundation of a Good Flooring Installation, Wood and Composite Decking Review: Pros and Cons, Wood Flooring Basics: Engineered Wood, Solid, Laminate, A Guide to Buying Outdoor Fabric for Cushions and Pillows. Exposure 1 plywood is made with fully waterproof glue, but may include D-grade veneers. Can You Burn MDF Particleboard (Medium-Density Fiberboard)? Fir is known for its strength and dimensional stability as well as its natural resistance to … Building a woodworking project with plywood typically requires that the builder uses a method for covering the exposed edges of the plywood. To finish it, the plywood panel is bonded under heat and pressure. The best plywood for cabinets is decorative plywood and can also be used to make furniture. Tight knots and knotholes allowed. In the postwar building boom, plywood was used to build houses and cities across the United States. Manufactured with waterproof glue, it has strength and resistance to humidity Plywood is a necessity for many projects, from building cabinetry in the laundry room to building your dream gazebo in the backyard. 1/2-inch x 4 ft. x 8 ft. Standard Spruce Plywood Board Why Plywood? During construction the weather conditions vary and the building materials can be exposed to reasonable amounts of rain water. For bathrooms, a Luan plywood is good to put on top of decking plywood for protection. The layers are pressed into place and secured using a special type of woodworking glue. Particleboard core (PBC) is usually the cheapest, weakest and heaviest. Exterior plywood used the traditional grading system but uses the letter “X” to … How to Make and Waterproof a Plywood Aquarium using Liquid Rubber Waterproof Sealant In the past, using wood was not an option, and your ability to create intricate designs was unattainable. If you need a material that can stand up to moisture without a protective finish, choose pressure-treated lumber or plywood rated for the expected level of exposure. Alibaba.com offers 657 pine plywood waterproof products. The Spruce / Joyce Lue Plywood Bonding Types . Use it to create strong walls, roofs, and floors. The face of plywood can be great for projects but the edges leave something to be desired. However, this is not waterproof. The layers are glued together and if water-resistant glue is used, it is exterior plywood. If the hull's protective finish is damaged and the wood gets wet, the plywood will remain structurally intact. Sani-Tred's wood deck coatings will renovate, waterproof, and repair any wood deck, plywood deck, treated plywood or plywood floor while maintaining its performance for the life of the structure.【Get Price】 x 2 ft. x 2 ft. panel, protecting your carpentry creations from fading, scratching and chipping. Minor splitting permitted. Spruce plywood is often used for underlament and subflooring. In general, it’s thought the more layers in plywood make it a higher quality. Softwood plywood is the most common. Will meet all requ Back in the day, farmers used local trees to create rot-resistant fences at their property line. Plywood is a type of manufactured wood panel. This means if marine plywood will be exposed to moisture, it must be protected by a good water-resistant finish. American-made structural aircraft-grade plywood is made of American Birch veneers laminated in a hot press to hardwood cores of Poplar or Bass wood with waterproof glue. Conserve time, expenses and exertion on your next cabinetry or woodworking project with the PureBond Prefinished Maple Plywood Project Panel. This 36 inches 3/4 travel size Linden plywood acoustic guitar set is ideal for the beginning to intermediate musician. As for the plywood choices, calling it Spruce is more of a generic labeling. Then, use a rag to apply an even coat of linseed oil, walnut oil, or tung oil to the wood and let it cure for 24 hours. These are created with different adhesives that better stand up to moisture. However, if you’re not an experienced plywood shopper, the numerous options at the hardware store can seem overwhelming.. You’ll find various prices matched with multiple materials, ply, sizes, veneers, grades, and more. It often has visible knots and blemishes, and most of it is made from readily available Douglas fir or southern pine -- not expensive hardwood. This wood is suitable for use in walls and is strong enough to serve as roofing or flooring plywood. The term plywood originally meant layers of wood veneer glued together. More plies can mean fewer voids in each veneer but the quality of the veneer core is certainly more important. Marine-grade plywood is a specially designed panel made of Douglas fir or Western Larch, according to APA: The Engineered Wood Association. Check out. All panels are composed with waterproof adhesives for exterior use. MR plywood is used for furniture like beds and cabinets. Arranging the sheets in perpendicular layers is what strengthens the plywood. It will sag over time, though. Marine plywood is good for things that need to withstand water like boats. I plan on painting it black anyway. TimberTown carries both Standard and Select Grade Spruce Plywoods: unsanded sheathing for general structural applications or sanded panels where a smooth finish is desired. DIY shed building tips and how plywood was used, iron-on banding to cover up the layers of veneers, Do Not Sell My Personal Information – CA Residents. Hi guys, just wondered what the difference was between structural ply, and WBP ply. The type of plywood you choose will depend on what the material will be subjected to after the installation is complete. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer), differences between oriented-strand board and plywood. Check out the. The layers are glued together and if water-resistant glue is used, it is exterior plywood. How Waterproof Is Fir Wood?. For waterproof grades, PF glues, impregnated paper laminates (for the surface finish) and painted edges are used. Plywood was never meant to withstand the forces of nature alone. It can weigh 100 pounds for a 4x8 panel and can swell up with moisture. Problem is that pt plywood is $35 a sheet. Smooth, paintable surface. There are a few plywood grading systems out there, but most of them follow an A-D classification with A being the best. The main benefit of using waterproof glue in marine plywood is that if the plywood is exposed to moisture, or even very high humidity or boiling temperatures, the glue won't fail, and therefore the wood layers of the plywood won't delaminate, or fall apart. Plywood is a popular choice for residential and light-duty construction and is made from thin sheets of veneer that have been peeled from debarked wood. Plywood panels manufactured for structural applications are built up from multiple layers or plys of softwood veneer that are glued together so that the grain direction of each layer of veneer is perpendicular to that of the adjacent layers. I plan on painting it black anyway. Marine plywood is available in the following grades: Wood species that have a natural resistance to decay, like redwood, cedar, ipe, shorea, and cypress, have a natural resistance to decay. Hey guys I'm building a rack for a solar heater. Excellent weather and boil-proofing is ensured by using fully water proof adhesives in our manufacturing process. Medium-density fiberboard (MDF) is good for shelving and storage cabinets and the face is harder than most woods. To waterproof wood, start by sanding it with fine grit sandpaper to remove any imperfections and prep the surface. Plywood sold as "void-free" does not have voids hidden in the wood layers. All WISA plywood and veneer products are manufactured in Europe by UPM. If you need plywood for roofing, walls or subfloods, then choose construction plywood or OSB. Even plywood with many plies can still warp. Today, it refers to all types of engineered panels made from wood products. How to Waterproof Decks. The Spruce / Joyce Lue Plywood Bonding Types . Marine-grade plywood, often simply called marine plywood, is not what it's often claimed to be. It is made by gluing together plywood layers, also called veneers. Fir is a common lumber that comes from any number of coniferous trees. It is made of Nordic Spruce and is an ideal panel for structural uses and load bearing applications such as … Find out, Sometimes stained plywood can hide imperfections under the stain so it’s best to find unstained plywood. It has an impressive quality, and is a remarkably affordable option. The type of plywood you choose will depend on economics, how much exposure to the elements the wood will get, and whether looks are important to you. Our products are high in demand due to their premium quality and affordable prices. Thickness : 10-15 mm : Color : Brown and Black : Wood Type : Hardwood : Glue Used : Melamine : Being a quality oriented organization, we are involved in providing a. Hands down, Marine grade plywood is usually a stronger, less problematic and a better choice–but also more expensive. Birch plywood is a popular fine-grained wood. We'll help you find the right plywood for you. The stain works by slightly tinting the plywood surface, thus keeping out harmful UV ray damage. Plywood cores vary greatly and include veneer core, particleboard core, medium-density fiberboard core and combination core. It is also popularly used in making children’s toys (especially dollhouses), playground fixtures, and sports and musical equipment. Even though the plywood products sold by most hardware stores are graded A, B. C. and D (with A being the best), they aren't considered as high quality as marine and other types of quality hardwood plywood. WISA-Spruce Special is a well-known trade name for WISA-Spruce with solid surface in many markets, such as UK, Benelux, Italy and Denmark. It is also manufactured with waterproof glue for exterior applications. Also known as commercial ply by local vendors, is used in interiors extensively. That is, it's not waterproof. Plywood manufactured under Mil Spec 6070B must pass a boil test for 20 minutes. Page 1 of 3 1 2 3 Next > CoolNGroovy New Member. The actual moisture resistance of plywood is more heavily dependent on the adhesive used. The surface can be further treated with standard paints and other surface treatments applicable to wood products. Learn what this plywood really is and why boatbuilders and woodworkers like it. Pine, spruce, mahogany, Douglas fir, birch, oak and maple are types of wood used for exterior plywood. Cross-lamination—arranging the plies perpendicular to one another—is what gives a panel strength in both directions. Plywood underlayment is a thin plywood material that is most commonly used under resilient flooring materials, such as vinyl and linoleum sheets and tiles. Spruce WeatherGuard dries faster than untreated plywood and allows you to continue the construction project sooner.The colour of WeatherGuard treatment is transparent. Plywood is made from a series of laminated strips with the wood grain on subsequent layers oriented in a perpendicular manner to each previous layer. Marine Plywood Waterproof Plywood Marine Ply Board ... Marine Plywood is a fully structural, hard-wearing ply made with high quality veneers which are cross-laminated for extra strength. Veneer is the most common core type and is made of different trees depending on the region. In addition to the plywood grades, there are four common plywood bonding types. Exterior plywood is seldom pretty. By Katherine Coope r. Photography by Ben Fleishma n. After the boil, the plywood is subjected to a peel test and the wood must fail before the glue line fails. Metsä Wood Spruce WeatherGuard is softwood plywood with hydrophobic surface. Engineered Wood Floors: What to Know Before You Buy. Plywood comes in many forms but it’s also constructed in several ways so it can be tough to find the right plywood. 1/4 x 4-ft x 8-ft Lauan Underlayment Plywood McCorry Utility-Ply plywood is designed with DIYers like you in mind. Its layers are glued together with waterproof adhesive that prevents them from delaminating in wet weather. A waterproof adhesive was invented in 1934, paving the way for plywood and its potential. The new design and application possibilities offered by the marriage of acetylated wood fibre with the manufacturing technology of MDF is set to excite and stimulate composite product manufacturers, designers, architects and the construction industry alike, opening up new possibilities and solutions. Tricoya is characterised by its durability, dimensional stability and reliability properties. It has been especially designed to be used in external works where high humidity or damp maybe a concern, these properties mean that it can be exposed to high moisture for a long period of time. Although it is designed to hold up to the elements for a short period of time, it must be weatherized in order to prevent degradation. Consider solid veneered and one-side sanded panels for all outdoor and indoor DIY projects, such as countertops, furniture, and table finishing. About 0% of these are Plywoods. Find out. Can also have discoloration and sanding defects on the surface as long as it doesn’t impair strength. Panel sizes (mm) Thin ply construction standard sizes: 1200/1220/1250/1500/1525 x 1200/2400/2440/2500/3050 mm Plywood is made of several layers of veneer, thin sheets of wood sawed off from trees. It is made from 3 or more layers of pine, spruce, or fir veneer (thin sheets) glued together. DOMESTIC BIRCH PLYWOOD American-made structural aircraft-grade plywood is made of imported African Mahogony or American Birch veneers laminated in a hot press to hardwood cores of Poplar or Bass wood with waterproof glue. It's also a smart option for durable outdoor furniture projects in coastal areas, especially after it receives a strong protective finish. Plywood is a necessity for many projects, from building cabinetry in the laundry room to building your dream gazebo in the backyard. Marine-Grade plywood is composed of 100% Douglas fir veneer, bonded with waterproof exterior grade phenolic resin adhesive. Will normal exterior paint work to waterproof it? Plywood is a widely recognized engineered wood-based panel product that has been used in Canadian construction projects for decades. It is also a lightweight option, weighing about 70 pounds for a 4x8 panel. It is a non-toxic, odorless, water-based coating that contains no solvents or VOC’s making it ideal for aquariums. These thin layers, also called plies, are glued together in alternating, perpendicular directions to create a cross-graining pattern. Metsä Wood's spruce plywood panels are light, easy to work with and easy to install using conventional wood-working tools and fasteners. In addition to the plywood grades, there are four common plywood bonding types. Exterior grade plywood is for roofs or where direct contact with water is possible. Spruce and fir plywood panels are available for a wide range of end-uses: un-sanded sheathing for general structural applications, sanded panels where a smooth finish is desired; plywood panels are also available pressure-treated or fire retardant-treated for specific applications. We recommend our users to update the browser. This material remains strong no matter how thinly it is sliced for plywood. Thin sheets of wood veneer—known as plies (plural of ply)—are used to make plywood. Rs 450/ Sheet Get Latest Price. All panels are composed with waterproof adhesives for exterior use. - The Spruce Oct 30, 2017 If you think that marine-grade plywood is waterproof, think again. Discussion in 'Builders' Talk' started by CoolNGroovy, Sep 21, 2006. Experienced do-it-yourselfers and woodworkers use marine plywood for various outdoor projects, including: Lisa Hallett Taylor is a writer and editor with 12+ years experience covering architecture, landscape design, and do-it-yourself projects. These qualities are what make this plywood a … That will prevent any kind of snapping off of the piece. It has 100% waterproofing ability and excellent adhesion to give a completely seamless membrane. Liquid Rubber Canada provides a flexible and easy to use product. The difference is in the glues that are used to bind the plies, or layers of the plywood. Oak or birch hardwood is good for cabinets, storage and furniture. 8 May 2014 I want to use 1/4 proper marine ply as backing plates to spread the load, and which are presently bolted simply through the ply deck with largish (not . As for the layers, a lot of thin layers is better than fewer thicker layers because of thinner results in a stronger, denser panel with edges that cut and sand cleaner. Metsä Wood Spruce Ply - Easy on Site - YouTube. Use a pump-up garden sprayer to apply the stain, and … Aluminum R&R trailer. Better grades also tend to be lightweight, strong, and virtually free of defects. The best waterproof flooring to spruce up your bathroom. Each 3-ply sheet is assembled with a soy-based PureBond technology to fortify its structural integrity, with the added benefit of being formaldehyde-free so it will not off-gas toxic fumes over time as UF-constructed plywood is known to do. Spruce. In New England, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) was the preferred tree.Midwest farmers planted thorny Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) to delineate their property lines and keep farm animals contained.Sometimes they used living stakes and let them grow into a living fence-hedge. The different grades of plywood indicate what it should be used for. However, its inner layers are soft. The standard spruce plywood is compatible with nails, wood screws, staples, and … I've gone with pressure treated lumber but now it's time to cover the face with plywood. Fully waterproof bond (glue) between the layers and designed for applications subject to permanent exposure to weather and moisture. Will normal exterior paint work to waterproof it? The waterproof adhesive used to sandwich the layers of this material make it able to withstand humidity and other moisture. Boats and barracks during World War II were made out of plywood. The quality requirements for plywood to be used in aircraft are much more exacting than for industrial plywood in general. Established in the year 2017 at Mysore, Karnataka, we “Mithiborwala Global Ventures Pvt Ltd” are a Private Limited Company based firm, engaged as the foremost Manufacturer of Fire Wood, Commercial Plywood, Silver Wood etc. Good construction site planning takes protection from the weather into account, and protects all moisture-sensitive building materials. Plywood is a material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another. Plywood for roofing typically needs to be 3/8” but using thicker plywood can mean more durability. It is a good-quality, hardwood plywood made with waterproof glue, but since it's not treated with chemicals it is not rot-resistant. It is a good-quality, hardwood plywood made with waterproof glue, but since it's not treated with chemicals it is not rot-resistant. Sustainable WISA plywood with professional services offer superior performance and value to every project! difference between structural plywood and WBP plywood. There are several things that can be done to plywood to extend its life, such as weather treatment and even color treatment that will leave the plywood grain intact while lightly tinting the wood. Learn some. The standard spruce plywood is compatible … However, if you’re not an experienced plywood shopper, the numerous options at the hardware store can seem overwhelming.. You’ll find various prices matched with multiple materials, ply, sizes, veneers, grades, and more. Brown And Black Spruce Filmlaced Plywood. This pattern results in added strength and stability that resists shrinkage and expansion. A UV-resistant medium gloss coats the face veneer on this 1/4 in. Spruce and fir plywood panels are available for a wide range of end-uses: un-sanded sheathing for general structural applications, sanded panels where a smooth finish is desired; plywood panels are also available pressure-treated or fire retardant-treated for specific applications. The type of plywood you choose will depend on what the material will be subjected to after the installation is complete. The layers are glued together and if water-resistant glue is used, it is exterior plywood. It is also sold both as 90-degree plywood and 45-degree plywood. I've gone with pressure treated lumber but now it's time to cover the face with plywood. Will meet all requirements of specification MIL-P-6070, which calls for shear testing after immersion in boiling water for 3 hours. Pressure-treated construction plywood is usually constructed of Spruce, poplar, or other woods not naturally-resistant to insects or rot, and gaps may occur in the layers. When exposed to moisture or high humidity, plywood is up to seven times more resistant to thickness swell than substitute wood-based panels. The term plywood originally meant layers of wood veneer glued together. How to Waterproof Plywood Deck with Tufflex Posted on May 5, 2016 by admin One of the first things you may be thinking about if you are in the industrial, automotive refinishing, marine, or military field is waterproofing a plywood deck with Tufflex. Standard spruce plywood manufactured with waterproof glue resist expansion and shrinkage. Shou sugi ban (焼杉板) is the art of preserving and finishing wood using fire. Introducing "One Thing": A New Video Series, The Spruce Gardening & Plant Care Review Board, The Spruce Renovations and Repair Review Board, Garden furniture, like tables, chairs, and benches. Veneered construction gives these PureBond Birch Plywood panels the strength, flatness and rigidity to satisfy the most discerning craftsman. Plywood Deck Repair Coating - Sani-Tred. The interior layers also have voids, or holes, that you can't see until you cut into the plywood panel. Waterproofing is typically a concern with wooden decks. Repairs to the veneer like replacing knots with patches can be made, but no more than 18. Aircraft Spruce supplies components for a wide variety of homebuilt aircraft and discount pilot supplies. Available in 3/4 Standard/Select Perfect for home projects, crafts, hobbies and more, our multi-use Utility-Ply panels provide strength and flexibility for any need or task. Coat the plywood surface with an exterior water-based pigment stain. By 1954, the industry grew to more than 100 mills and production approached 4 billion square feet, according to the APA. Exterior plywood used the traditional grading system but uses the letter “X” to indicate it was made with exterior glue. True hardwood plywood is made with thin layers of 100 percent hardwood, which generally is stronger and harder and has a finer grain than softwood. The difference is in the glues that are used to bind the plies, or layers of the plywood. The waterproof adhesive used to sandwich the layers of this material make it able to withstand humidity and other moisture. Today, builders can choose from several types of exterior plywood. It is commonly used for home improvement projects, particularly cabinet making, desks, and shelves. This plywood is often referred to as fractional plywood and it is available in 4 ft x 8-ft panels. Pine, spruce, mahogany, Douglas fir, birch, oak and maple are types of wood used for exterior plywood. Plywood for aircraft is produced by using glues of the thermosetting, synthetic resin type. According to APA, each piece of plywood has an odd number of layers. However, it's far more durable. Hardwood plywood is made from hardwood, often from birch and used for demanding end uses. Plywood is a highly stable panel. Better grades also tend to be lightweight, strong, and virtually free of defects. Marine plywood is a type of hardwood plywood. Using Waterproof Plywood Panels - the Natural Handyman The best way to waterproof plywood is using a waterproof paint, stain, or sealant on top of the plywood panel. Standard plywood is made with fewer, thicker layers and mostly contains softwood, like pine or Douglas fir. It has been especially designed to be used in external works where high humidity or damp maybe a concern, these properties mean that it can be exposed to high moisture for a long period of time. The wood will absorb water, swelling and warping over time. This wood is suitable for use in walls and is strong enough to serve as roofing or flooring plywood. Reliable WISA products are certified in accordance with the relevant technical and environmental standards. It is suitable for applications where long construction delays may be expected prior to providing protection, or where high moisture conditions may be encountered in service.