(2) that form G. , by selectively removing links in E while satisfying Eq. Merge sort was chosen due to the capability of separating the data set in sub-sets and executing in parallel. The paper shows that DPA-1 is optimal if the spanning trees are optimally ordered. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering. aluator for distributed computer networks. Achieving reliability will give you benefits in the areas of: Customer Satisfaction – unreliable product will negatively affect customer satisfaction severely. Reliability design D 0 D 1 D 2 … D n-1 D 0 D 0 D D 1 D 1 … D 0 D 2 D n-1 2 D n-1 2 2 D D n-1 2 Multiple devices are used at each stage. This paper addresses an NP-hard problem, refered to as Network Topology Design with minimum Cost subject to a Reliability constraint (NTD-CR), to design a minimal-cost communication network topology that satisfies a pre-defined reliability constraint. Further, they proposed an alternative DP algor, general, a network contains an exponential number of (, original network with no link deletion. IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering. Extensive simulations using benchmark networks with various sizes show the merits of path-orders, and the effectiveness and advantage of our DPA vis-à-vis to three existing techniques. We propose three greedy It’s fine if you don’t understand what “optimal substructure” and “overlapping sub-problems” are (that’s an article for another day). Introduction . Quality Assurance is important in each and every aspect as to get better and satisfactory product as the end, Quality assurance is like the insurance of your product. al, 2008; sequentially only up to |E| links to solve the problem, and thu. Lines 19 to 22, the total cost of the union of links in network X=(X-L[, propose using the Monte Carlo Simulation (Yeh, et. Reliability design problem. More so than the optimization techniques described previously, dynamic programming provides a general framework Introduction to 0-1 Knapsack Problem. existing approach in (Elshqeirat, et. critical applications requiring maximized reliability. (4), e, ], and the reliability of its resulting graph, Rel[, ]=0.65. (1), 199-213. https://doi.org/10.1109/71.89065, (3), 551-562. https://doi.org/10.1109/tr.2010.2055924, topological optimization of computer networks. Software system is used in everywhere on our daily lives. If a problem has overlapping subproblems, then we can improve on a recursi… Simulation results on different benchmark networks of various sizes are used to compare Algo-DP with existing techniques in the literature and show the merits of using the sorting methods, and the effectiveness of our algorithm. Ideally, you need to have requirements that should clearly & accurately specify the functionality of the final product. ty under cost constraint. Results indicate Algo-DP demonstrated better performance than other existing algorithm. spanning trees show the merits of ordering methods and the This paper formulates a dynamic. 2. In both contexts it refers to simplifying a complicated problem by breaking it down into simpler sub-problems in a recursive manner. Measurements to maximize reliability, specifically measures that support the first two activities. The paper describes a dynamic programming (DP) scheme to solve the NTD-CR problem, and proposes a DP approach, called Dynamic Programming Algorithm, This paper addresses an NP-complete problem, called NTD-CR, to design a minimal-cost communication network topology that satisfies a pre-defined two terminal reliability constraint, given the locations of the various computer centers (nodes), their connecting links, each link's reliability and cost, and the required reliability for the network to operate. Essentially, it just means a particular flavor of problems that allow us to reuse previous solutions to smaller problems in order to calculate a solution to the current proble… © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. DPA-2 is able to generate 85% optimal results, while using only a small number of $k$ spanning trees, and up to 16.83 CPU seconds. to solve NTD-CR (DPCR-ST), to generate the topology using a selected sequence of spanning trees of the network, . System reliability is measured by counting the number of operational failures and relating these to demands made on the system at the time of failure. network. Reliability which is a time-bound component implies successful operation over a certain period of time. Dynamic Programming is an algorithmic paradigm that solves a given complex problem by breaking it into subproblems and stores the results of subproblems to avoid computing the same results again. However, both (Shao, et. Efficiency can be achieved by the use of loops, arrays, proper use of boolean functions, for example. Generally, if something or someone is described as being “reliable” it gives an idea of being trustworthy and dependable. Dynamic programming requires an optimal substructure and overlapping sub-problems, both of which are present in the 0–1 knapsack problem, as we shall see. For example, it was observed in RBDs and Analytical System Reliabilitythat the least reliable component in a series system has the biggest effect on the system reliability. The effect of control parameters of MOABC is investigated. This means rather than executing an algorithm in parallel and relying on the software used to comple, This paper addresses an NP-hard problem to design a network topology with maximum all-terminal reliability subject to a cost constraint, given the locations of the various computer centers (nodes), their connecting links, each link's reliability and cost, and the maximum budget cost to install the links. DPA-2 is able to generate 85% optimal results, while using only a small number of $k$ spanning trees, and up to 16.83 CPU seconds. license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). As an example, LO4 produces link order (, l simulations were run on Intel Core i5 with 2.53. mmunication networks using simulated annealing. Define subproblems 2. On Maximizing Reliability of Network T opolo gy Design Using a Practical Dynamic Programming Approach Basima Elshqeirat 1 , Sieteng Soh 2 , Suresh Rai 3 & Saher Manaseer 1 Repeat Business – Customers will return to a website that is reliable & has a positive impact on future business, Reputation – When a product is reliable the company will have a favorable reputation, Competitive Advantage – Companies can publish their predicted reliability numbers to help gain an advantage over their competition who either does not publish their numbers or has lower numbers, Warranty Costs – Reliable products will fail less frequently during the warranty period. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. Examples for Static Code Metrics would be Source Lines of Code (SLOC) of the program, Number of Modules & Go To Statements & Number of Classes & Weighted Methods per Class (WMC). References: Software Metrics and Reliability by Linda Rosenberg, Ted Hammer, and Jack Shaw. In addition, topology design which was formulated as a discrete multi-object, propose a DP approach, called DPA, to generate the topology, optimal results. I was the 2nd presenter in line to have a go on the Tech Talk session series at Cinergix. As far as this topic is concerned you need to take into consideration Static Code Metrics (which gives information at the code level) and Dynamic Metrics (which provides information on the actual runtime). Copyright © 2008-2020 Cinergix Pty. An optimal reliability design is one in which all possible means available to a designer have been explored to enhance the If a problem has optimal substructure, then we can recursively define an optimal solution. al, Monte Carlo Simulation in (Yeh, et. Once the reliability of a system has been determined, engineers are often faced with the task of identifying the least reliable component(s) in the system in order to improve the design. In life data analysis and accelerated life testing data analysis, as well as other testing activities, one of the primary objectives is to obtain a life distribution that describes the times-to-failure of a component, subassembly, assembly or system. The device under consideration may be an entire System [2]. Since cost is a major issue in NT design, NTD-RC is applicable for critical applications requiring maximized reliability. reliability of the system with minimum cost under the constraints imposed on the development of a system. A DP approach, called DPA-1, generates the topology using all spanning trees of the network $({rm ST}_{G})$. NTD-CR, to design a minimal-cost communication network topology that satisfies a pre-defined reliability constraint. DP approach, called DPCR-P, generates the topology using a selected set of paths of the network. • “It is easier to make a correct program parallel and distributed computing and systems (PDCS-2002), Cambridge. Further, the paper describes an alternative DP algorithm, called DPA-2, that uses only $k$ spanning trees ($kleq n$, where $n=vert{rm ST}_{G}vert$ ) sorted in increasing weight and lexicographic order to improve the time efficiency of DPA-1 while producing similar results. One of the Dynamic Metric examples would be Failure Rate Data such as: When talking about problem reports, it is imperative that you use error logs & access logs to determine the following: – Date of occurrence, nature of failures, consequences. 02 Dynamic programming To optimize the design by using dynamic programming the same case problem discussed in the preceding chapter has been considered by taking the values of component reliabilities (r j), the number of … This scGA adopts fuzzy logic control (FLC) to tune the probabilities of the genetic operators depending on the change of the average fitness. The method was developed by Richard Bellman in the 1950s and has found applications in numerous fields, from aerospace engineering to economics.. Introduction . Ltd. All rights reserved. Reliability models can be divided into static and dynamic ones. In reliability design, the problem is to design a system that is composed of several devices connected in series.. For web applications such as Creately, reliability is an important Quality Factor that needs to be considered. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. . min. I cannot but drive home the fact that this is certainly an aspect that can be regarded as being one of the best cornerstones when it comes to building a great site or app. Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on biologically inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection. This paper addresses an NP-hard problem, called The paper describes a dynamic programming (DP) scheme to solve the NTD-CR problem, and proposes a DP approach, called Dynamic Programming Algorithm to solve NTD-CR (DPCR-ST), to generate the topology using a selected sequence of spanning trees of the network, . NTD-CR, to design a minimal-cost communication network © Cinergix Pvt. Static models assume that a failure does not result in the occurrence of other faults. The effects of link orders on the performance of Algo-DP, doi:10.5539/mas.v12n12p163 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/mas.v, requiring maximized reliability. While it would be impossible to delve into the whole spectrum of these activities in this post alone, I will mention a few so that you get the gist of what  these activities entail. problem is practical for critical applications requiring Then the reliability of the function can be given by πr1. Dynamic Programming is also used in optimization problems. As described in Section 4.1, we, is a set of selected links in Eq. 1. Each heuristic allows DPCR-P to enumerate the selected paths using only k paths, which improves the time complexity while producing near optimal topology. An important part of given problems can be solved with the help of dynamic programming (DP for short). using Dynamic Programming. Further, the paper describes an alternative DP algorithm, called DPA-2, that uses only $k$ spanning trees ($kleq n$, where $n=vert{rm ST}_{G}vert$ ) sorted in increasing weight and lexicographic order to improve the time efficiency of DPA-1 while producing similar results. Over the last few years, the NVM market has been flooded with new solutions. We propose two different greedy heuristics to generate and order only k≤n paths, where n is the total number of paths in the network. The topological design of a computer communication network is a well-known NP-hard problem. Following are the most important Dynamic Programming problems asked in … Dynamic programming is both a mathematical optimization method and a computer programming method. In this case, if the reliability of the system is to be improved, then the efforts can best be concentrated on improving the reliability of that component first. this paper focuses on analyzing the performance of sorting in parallel strictly using resources. This will lower the repair & replacements costs & refunds, Cost Analysis – Reliability data can be used for cost analysis. 2, is obtained by d, dynamic programming method, called Algo-DP, optimize its results. Further, its non-optimal results are no more than 10.97% off from optimal. Two important qualities of surveys, as with all measurement instruments, are consistency and accuracy. Further, the path-orders allow DPA to generate only k=1 paths dynamically from the graph model of the network and stops if a path inclusion leads to an insignificant addition in the resulting topology's reliability. Dynamic programming 1 Dynamic programming In mathematics and computer science, dynamic programming is a method for solving complex problems by breaking them down into simpler subproblems. Keywords: Reliability, Series- Parallel Configuration, Redundancy, Dynamic Programming, Fault Tree Analysis. Overlapping subproblems:When a recursive algorithm would visit the same subproblems repeatedly, then a problem has overlapping subproblems. Summary: In this tutorial, we will learn What is 0-1 Knapsack Problem and how to solve the 0/1 Knapsack Problem using Dynamic Programming. Extensive simulations using benchmark networks with various sizes show the merits of path-orders, and the effectiveness of our approach. & Smith, E. (1999). In contrast, if the cost of G without, ., it is a feasible solution, in Eq. This paper considers, e, the aim is to produce a network topology wit, , (Abo ElFotoh & Al-Sumait, 2001; Gen, 2006; Konak. Steps for Solving DP Problems 1. This paper formulates a dynamic programming (DP) scheme to help solve NTD-RC. I hope this rather techy blog post acts as a good focal point when it comes to assessing your site or app with regard to reliability. Extensive simulations using benchmark networks with various sizes show the merits of path-orders, and the effectiveness of our approach. in network. all-terminal reliability given a cost constraint. Dynamic Programming works when a problem has the following features:- 1. This paper presents a goal programming-based multi-objective artificial bee colony optimization (MOABC) algorithm to solve the problem of topological design of distributed local area networks (DLANs). Moreover, you have to follow proper coding standards, perform regular code reviews for correctness & safety and perform unit testing to independently test the modules. Monitors determine 1998., http://swreflections.blogspot.com/2009/08/lessons-in-software-reliability.html, http://www.tectrends.com/tectrends/article/00172844.html, http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Enterprise-Applications/Measuring-SAAS-Reliability/. The objective is to fill the knapsack with items such that we have a maximum profit without crossing the weight limit of … Each element DP[, two potential reliability values. In this method, we use bottom up approach to compute the edit distance between str1 and str2. https://doi.org/10.1109/apcc.2013.6766047, Konak, A. Five design objectives are considered herein, namely, network reliability, network availability, average link utilization, monetary cost, and network delay. When it comes to error prevention activities, there are many things that need to be undertaken in order for you to achieve reliability. I handle marketing stuff here at Creately including writing blog posts and handling social media accounts. The paper shows that our DPCR-ST approach always provides a feasible solution, and produces an optimal topology given an optimal order of spanning trees. Variation in system reliability = 5.56%. Ltd 2020 | All rights reserved. Engineers often talk about the importance of design for reliability (DfR) and the impact it has on a product’s overall efficiencies and success. Keywords: software architecture, software reliability, Reliability Allocation, Reliability Estimation, Dynamic Programming . & Smith, 2005; Atiqullah & Rao, 1993; Papagianni, et. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-131-2_32, (1), 256-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-2217(99)00255-6, (1), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1109/24.589921, (3), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1109/4235.661548, Design with Minimal Cost Subject to Network, Journal of Advances in Computer Networks, 1, A Practical Algorithm for Reliable Communication, International Journal of Performability Engineering, e genetic algorithm approach to th91e reliability, International Journal of Network Management, Proceedings of the International Multiconference on Computer Science and Information. All rights reserved. Further, for a typical 2 100 grid network that contains up to spanning t- ees, DPCR-ST approach requires only spanning trees to generate a topology with a reliability no larger than 5.05% off from optimal. Reliability and Validity. directly and significantly influences the system’s performance and its life cycle costs. Dynamic Programming is mainly an optimization over plain recursion. minimized cost. 1. Furthermore, the non-optimal results are only up to 3.4% off from optimal for the simulated examples. Wherever we see a recursive solution that has repeated calls for same inputs, we can optimize it using Dynamic Programming. There is still a better method to find F(n), when n become as large as 10 18 ( as F(n) can be very huge, all we want is to find the F(N)%MOD , for a given MOD ). A DP approach, called DPA-1, generates the topology using all spanning trees of the network $({rm ST}_{G})$. DPCR-P is able to generate 91% optimal results on the networks using only 8.89% to 27.5% of all paths in the networks. Furthermore, the non-optimal results are only up to 3.4% off from optimal for the simulated examples. DPCR-P is able to generate 91% optimal results on the networks using only 8.89% to 27.5% of all paths in the networks. The paper formulates a Further, for a typical 2 100 grid network that contains up to spanning t- ees, DPCR-ST approach requires only spanning trees to generate a topology with a reliability no larger than 5.05% off from optimal. In this tutorial we will be learning about 0 1 Knapsack problem. Cost is a major issue in the network design, and thus the problem is applicable for networks requiring maximized reliability. There are two aspects that need to be considered here – Software Testing & Software Inspection. dynamic programming (DP) scheme to solve NTD-CR problem. Five different path-orders are proposed to improve the effectiveness of DPA. life-cycle costs of the system, and reliability based design must be carried out if the system is to achieve its desired performance. Which distributes the data among a determined number of threads, starting from one thread (sequential), two, four and eight threads (in parallel). This paper addresses an NP-complete problem, called NTD-CR, to design a minimal-cost communication network topology that satisfies a pre-defined two terminal reliability constraint, given the locations of the various computer centers (nodes), their connecting links, each link's reliability and cost, and the required reliability for the network to operate. programming (DP) scheme to solve the NTD-CR problem. DP approach, called Thus high reliability is a mandatory requirement for customer satisfaction. In this dynamic programming problem we have n items each with an associated weight and value (benefit or profit). Dynamic Programming 4. This thesis addresses four reliable network topology design problems that consider reliability, cost, and/or bandwidth performance metrics. The problem complexity is further magnified by the presence of multiple design objectives and numerous design constraints. Our DPCR-ST approach is able to generate 81.5% optimal results, while using only 0.77% of the spanning trees contained in networks. Four heuristic dynamic programming approaches are proposed, and 10 order criteria are used to improve their optimality and time efficiency. A modified version of MOABC, named as evolutionary multi-objective ABC (EMOABC) is also proposed which incorporates the characteristics of simulated evolution (SE) algorithm for improved local search. DPCR-ST, generates the topology using a selected set of spanning trees of the network, STX Being able to tackle problems of this type would greatly increase your skill. Simulations based on fully connected networks that contain up to spanning trees show the merits of using the ordering methods and the effectiveness of our algorithm vis-à-vis to four existing state-of-the-art techniques. Software engineer turned tech evangelist. topology that satisfies a pre-defined reliability constraint. Reliability in software can be defined as “the probability of a computer program performing its intended functions, without any failures for a specified time under a specified environment”. Each heuristic allows the DPCR-ST approach to generate using only spanning trees, which improves the time complexity while producing a near optimal topology. Our proposed DPA is able to generate 92% optimal results on the networks using only 6% to 11% of the (s, t) paths for large networks. DP approach, called DPCR-P, generates the topology using a selected set of paths of the network. Standardization of Simulation Scenario Setup for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Dynamic Programming for Minimal Cost Topology with Reliability Constraint, A Multi-objective Evolutionary Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Optimizing Network Topology Design, Optimizing reliable network topology design using dynamic programming, A practical algorithm for reliable network topology design, Topology Design with Minimal Cost Subject to Network Reliability Constraint, Dynamic programming for minimal cost topology with two terminal reliability constraint, A Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Reliable Network Design, A Self-controlled Genetic Algorithm for Reliable Communication Network Design, Empirical Analysis Measuring the Degree of Parallelism of Parallel Merge Sort, On Minimizing Cost of Reliable Network Topological Design using a Practical DP Approach. Comparison of EMOABC with MOABC and the standard ABC (SABC) shows better performance of EMOABC. complexity while producing near optimal topology. The paper proves that the problem of optimally ordering the spanning trees is NP-complete, and proposes three greedy heuristics to generate and order only spanning trees of the network. In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Furthermore, Algo-DP shows that it is computationally more efficient compared to the recent existing approach. This paper first formulates a Dynamic Programming (DP) scheme to solve the problem. eliability and cost, and the maximum budget cost to, c programming (DP) scheme to help solve NTD-, liability measure (with up to 4.3% improvement). Our DPCR-ST approach is able to generate 81.5% optimal results, while using only 0.77% of the spanning trees contained in networks. results, while using only 0.77%of the spanning trees contained This paper formulates a dynami. More specifically, given the locations of the various computer centers (nodes), their connecting links, each link’s reliability and cost, and the maximum budget cost to install the links, the NT design problem, called NTD-RC, aims to find an NT that has the maximum reliability with cost within the budget. Moreover, Dynamic Programming algorithm solves each sub-problem just once and then saves its answer in a table, thereby avoiding the work of re-computing the answer every time. Since Further, its non-optimal results are no more than 10.97% off from optimal. 2) Knowing how to calculate reliability is important, but knowing how to achieve reliability is equally, if not more, important. 2. So there you have it. someone can make out letters, text is considered readable. Note that the reliability of the topology after deletin, For example, criterion LO2 generates links (, first. Maximization of the system reliability subject to linear constraints. • Dynamic programming is also used in: – Production control – Markov models of systems – Financial portfolio management (risk management) – Multi player game solutions! Got any queries, comments or complaints, please do go ahead and let us know. Each heuristic allows DPCR-ST to enumerate STX We propose a self-controlled genetic algorithm (scGA) to all-terminal network reliability problem. For example, Federowicz and Mazumdar, and Misra and Sharma (using geometric programming), Hillier and Lieberman (using dynamic programming) and Misra (by using a heuristic method). A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Appr, Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, International Journal of Computational Intelligen, 266. https://doi.org/10.1142/s146902680500160x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swevo.2017.07.010. Extensive simulations using hundreds of benchmark networks that contain up to $1.899^{102}$ spanning trees show the merits of using the sorting method, and the effectiveness of our algorithms. Other activities that need to be considered would be load testing to determine the system’s behavior under both normal and anticipated peak load conditions and to also perform regression testing after additions or modifications are done to ensure that the existing functionality remains the same. … That does not mean, though, that words are necessarily easy to read or comprehend; they are just decipherable The Cost of Reliability • In general, reliable systems take the slow, steady route: – trusted implementation techniques – few uses of short-cuts, sneak paths, tricks – use of redundancy, run-time checks, type-safe pointers • Users value reliability highly. This paper addresses an NP-hard problem of designing a network topology with maximum (s, t) reliability subject to given constraints, such as the computer centers location (nodes), their connecting links reliability and cost, and the maximum budget cost to install the links. We start by computing edit distance for smaller sub-problems and use the results of these smaller sub-problems to compute results for sub-sequent larger problems. state-of-the-art techniques; DPCR-ST produces 81.5% optimal (5). Outline Dynamic Programming 1-dimensional DP 2-dimensional DP Interval DP s significantly reduces the time complexity. The paper shows that our DPCR-ST approach always provides a feasible solution, and produces an optimal topology given an optimal order of spanning trees. Since reliability is always a major issue in the network design, the problem is practical for critical applications requiring minimized cost. This paper formulates a dynamic programming (DP) scheme to solve the NTD-CR problem. links, link failure rate and installation cost. All problems consider all-terminal and/or two-terminal reliability measures. (b) Maximization of the system reliability subject to nonlinear constraints. We define a solution or NT, ]=0. Importance Of Modularity In Programming In modular programming, you can reuse your code like Lego blocks. We found that Algo-DP generates NT with the same or better 2-terminal reliability measure (with up to 4.3% improvement) on 92% of the network topologies. Our simulations on 28 topologies show the, simulations show that it finds better results as compared to th, Indonesia. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. To achieve reliability in software, activities can be followed in the areas of: 3. Submitted by Shivangi Jain, on August 21, 2018 . Simulations based on fully connected networks that contain up to spanning trees show the merits of using the ordering methods and the effectiveness of our algorithm vis-à-vis to four existing state-of-the-art techniques. The numerical analysis for various scales of problems shows that the proposed approach has a higher search capability that improve quality of solution and enhanced rate of convergence. As System-on-chip (SOC) developers continue to look for ways to reduce cost and time to market, it is important to consider the different non-volatile memory (NVM) options that add flexibility to their products. 3) Reliability practices must begin early in the design process and must be well integrated into the overall product development cycle. Fault detection and removal activities. It is one of NP-hard problems. There are a number of different statistics we can use to estimate reliability and … Like divide-and-conquer method, Dynamic Programming solves problems by combining the solutions of subproblems. Dynamic Programming 3. A DP approach, called Algo-DP, finds the set of links to be deleted from the original network to obtain an optimal NT. Further, its non-optimal results are no more than 0.77% off that of optimal. Each heuristic allows the DPCR-ST approach to generate using only spanning trees, which improves the time complexity while producing a near optimal topology. Note: The method described here for finding the n th Fibonacci number using dynamic programming runs in O(n) time. Dynamic Programming 11 Dynamic programming is an optimization approach that transforms a complex problem into a sequence of simpler problems; its essential characteristic is the multistage nature of the optimization procedure. The idea is to simply store the results of subproblems, so that we do not have to … effectiveness of our algorithm vis-à-vis four existing Because cost is always a major focus in network design, this problem is practical for, This paper addresses an NP-hard problem, refered to as Network Topology Design with minimum Cost subject to a Reliability constraint (NTD-CR), to design a minimal-cost communication network topology that satisfies a pre-defined reliability constraint. We propose two different greedy heuristics to generate and order only k≤n paths, where n is the total number of paths in the network. al, 1994) to approximately, The following two equations describe the NTD-RC pr. based on fully connected networks that contain up to 2.3×109 Simulations on hundreds of networks show the merits of the proposed methods. Goal programming (GP) is incorporated to aggregate the multiple design objectives into a single objective function. The paper shows that DPA-1 is optimal if the spanning trees are optimally ordered. The optimization problems include one or two objectives and one constraint, each of which is known NP-hard. The article is based on examples, because a raw theory is very hard to understand. The paper formulates a dynamic programming (DP) scheme to solve NTD-CR problem. In my spare time I love to read and travel. The paper proposes five-link ordering criteria to improve the performance of Algo-DP. Finally, for a 2×100 grid network that contains 299 paths, DPA requires only up to k=987 paths to generate topology with cost 99% of the total cost and reliability 99.35% of that of the original network. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is also done with non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), Pareto-dominance particle swarm optimization (PDPSO) algorithm and two recent variants of decomposition based multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, namely, MOEA/D-1 and MOEA/D-2. (1), 1303-1319. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-2714(93)90132-i, Springer, London. Optimal Substructure:If an optimal solution contains optimal sub solutions then a problem exhibits optimal substructure. al, 1994) to, maximum reliability of 0.659, shown in Fig. Dynamic reliability, instead, assumes that some failures, so-called primary failures, promote the emergence of secondary and tertiary faults, with a cascading effect. This step reduces the time complexity significantly while producing almost equal results as compared to using all (s, t) paths. ive optimization problem, note that our NTD-RC, DPA-1’s time efficiency while producing, ) is the maximum. In the following example we will see how a loop is used to improve code efficiency. For web applications such as Creately, reliability is an important Quality Factor that needs to be considered. Then, it describes a DP approach, called DPA, to generate the topology using all (s, t) paths in the network. We’ll be solving this problem with dynamic programming. The paper proves that the problem of optimally ordering the spanning trees is NP-complete, and proposes three greedy heuristics to generate and order only spanning trees of the network. Reliability metrics are units of measure for system reliability. Check out my personal blog Rumbling Lankan where I write about online marketing stuff. Because cost is always a major focus in network design, this problem is practical for critical applications requiring maximized reliability. Recognize and solve the base cases Each step is very important! Results indicate that EMOABC demonstrated superior performance than all the other algorithms. If we imagine that r1 is the reliability of the device. Reliability R (t), is the probability that a device or an item performs its function adequately over the time interval (0,t). Poor reliability would greatly increase importance of how to select reliability and cost of each component in architecture-based software. I decided to make the focus of the presentation to center on a QA Quality Factor which is known as “Reliability”. To avoid these redundant computations, we use dynamic programming based approach. Extensive simulations using hundreds of benchmark networks that contain up to $1.899^{102}$ spanning trees show the merits of using the sorting method, and the effectiveness of our algorithms. dynamic programming, network optimization, network reliability, and/or required reliability. This paper first formulates a Dynamic Programming (DP) scheme to solve the problem. heuristics to generate and order only k spanning trees of the When the two options produce, used to implement Eq. On performing all the cost benefit analysis, it occurs that if reliability is maintained right from the beginning lot of cost could be saved. This paper addresses an NP-hard problem to design a network topology with maximum all-terminal reliability subject to a cost constraint, given the locations of the various computer centers (nodes), their connecting links, each link's reliability and cost, and the maximum budget cost to install the links. ions on 25 networks with various sizes with up, l, 1994). This paper addresses an NP-complete problem of designing a network topology (NT) with the maximum 2-terminal reliability (R) subject to a cost constraint (C). Reliable products will show that although the initial cost of their product might be higher, the overall lifetime cost is lower than a competitor’s because their product requires fewer repairs or less maintenance. Simulations Reliability in software can be defined as “the probability of a computer program performing its intended functions, without any failures for a specified time under a specified environment”. min using only k spanning trees, which improves the time A major concern of software development using traditional procedural techniques is when it comes to big projects where complexities surround the large software project to be designed. Due to the massive number of simulation-based experiments in MANETs, This project aims to prune unwanted simulation scenarios. This paper presents a dynamic programming (DP) scheme to solve the problem. In this article, we will learn about the concept of reliability design problem. POFOD = 0.001 (For one in every 1000 requests the service fails per time unit), ROCOF = 0.02 (Two failures for each 100 operational time units of operation), Tech Talks: Part 2 ~ Understanding Usability, Tech Talks: Part 1 ~ Understanding Usability, Top 10 Tips that will Increase Visitors to your Site, How to Effectively Manage Your Time While Working Remotely, How to Write a Business Project Proposal that Gets Approved, Building Culture While Staying Remote: How to Conduct Virtual Icebreakers, The Quick Guide to Running Productive Retrospectives Remotely, The Complete Guide to Virtual Strategic Planning, How to Conduct Remote Performance Reviews: A Complete Guide, How to Make Your Online Presentation More Engaging, How to Improve Team Communication with Visual Collaboration. te the task, it assigns the given data to a number of processors and compare between them, in terms of time taken to complete the task. Each heuristic allows DPCR-P to enumerate the selected paths using only k paths, which improves the time complexity while producing near optimal topology. Write down the recurrence that relates subproblems 3. Reliability is one of the most important attributes of performance in arriving at the optimal design of a system since it I will try to help you in understanding how to solve problems using DP. This paper considers an optimization of a communication network expansion with a reliability constraint. reliability is always a major issue in the network design, the These are assessed by considering the survey’s reliability and validity. So, let’s take a look at DfR fundamentals and how companies employ it to their best advantage.