147. Make it thoroughly clean. con una gran proporción de empleo en la agricultura, hambre y malnutrición generalizadas, y altos niveles de pobreza. Let the grass grow long, irrigated if possible, dry if not, for your supply of hay. Make the ridges flat, slightly concave. Make small bricks, cook in the oven, grind and apply. Then add salt and a little cumin; also add fine barley meal and olive oil. l libro Manual de Agricultura Ecológica: Una introducción a los principios básicos y su aplicación, aparece en un momento muy oportuno y preciso, por cuanto hoy nadie niega la pertinencia de considerar el componente ecológico y ambiental en el desarrollo agrícola. You must check the figures for money and grain, check what is set aside for fodder, check the wine and oil figures -- what is already sold, and the income from this, what is still to be produced, and what it will fetch -- agree the difference and take charge of the agreed sum. Then, when it stops raining, the tiles can be adjusted. - Cato’s earliest surviving work of Latin literature, about the cultivation of vines, olives, fruit, and the management of slaves. �They may nurse 1 sucking pig for every 10 lambs. Then take the juice, cold, and eat the cabbage itself, digesting it as quickly as possible. The graft should be 3 fingers� breadth long, 3 fingers� breadth wide. Salvar Salvar Agricultura e Pecuária.pdf para ler mais tarde. The following other wikis use this file: Clarendon Press,p. Cut ripe withy canes and willow at the right time, so that you have enough to make carrying-baskets and mend old ones. Manual de Agricultura Ecologica: Una introducción a los principios básicos y su aplicación. Fan Shêng-chih shu. Then plant the olives. - Cato’s earliest surviving work of Latin literature, about the cultivation of vines, olives, fruit, and the management of slaves. 79. 76. An Interpretation of Plutarchs Cato the Younger. Grind as finely as possible 1 pound dried iris and 5 lb. Take oil first into one tub, then into a second, and keep removing residue and amurca from these tubs. By Eiji Yoshikawa - Jul 26, 2020 Free Book Cato On Farming De Agriculture De Agricultura , de agri cultura xv sec biblioteca medicea laurenziana pluteo 512 de agri cultura latin pronunciation de agri kltura on farming or on agriculture written by cato the elder is … He must not cheat the grain-field, for that brings bad luck. You should sow bread wheat and durum wheat in open, high fields where the sun shines longest. The contractor gets sufficient oil and salt for daily use, and 2 victoriati as pot-money. She must be clean, and keep the farmhouse sweet and clean. Es wurde etwa 150 v. Chr. The roof is calculated thus: whole tiles, as they come; cut tiles lacking a quarter, two count as one; all gulley tiles are taken as two; all ridge tiles are counted as four. Those that you are to plant in the nursery should be 1 foot long. Sow poppy where you had the bonfire. Whether adding grape syrup, marble or resin, stir frequently for 20 days. A sum is to be deposited as guarantee that the work will be performed in accordance with the decisions of (Lucius Manlius). 2 congii the month. Democritus. This wine will be no worse than Coan. When the urge comes and nausea is felt, recline and vomit. Juvenal, Satires. Sticks and canes that are no use to you should be burnt in the field. Who makes press ropes? 148. 101. When turned over, make beds, in such a way that you can hoe and pull up weeds on either side without treading on them. P. G. W. Glare. catone, de agri cultura, e varrone, de rustica, XV sec., pluteo 51.2.JPG Marcus Cato was an important public figure, and his life is well known. Put in water 14 lb. Take off the amurca till it fills the last tank in the store. [Latin. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Then put a pot of water on the fire, and when it begins to boil plunge one bunch into it briefly. Have the vines tended as follows: Vine shoots, with plenty of knots, to be trained straight and not to be crooked. Put 2 congii in a bronze vessel. Plant and screen pear and apple seed in the same way. 42. Take it in the morning before eating. �Trees� two feet thick, nine feet high including tenons, with sockets cut out 3 feet long and 6 fingers wide beginning 1 feet from the ground. Sow vetch and fenugreek in your least weedy fields. Put fat in a hot bronze pan: cook one or two at a time, turning them frequently with two sticks. Mount it, tie it and arrange its branches just as they were, and dig frequently. Be sure it does not slip. [Latin lexicography, 7th century ad.] Estudio preliminar, traducción y notas de Amelia Castresana. Leave covered 15 days before sealing: allow to breathe; then seal. Make the floor in this way. Administer through the nostrils, and apply pig dung to the actual bite. It will cure it without causing a sore. [Latin poet, 1st century bc.] To enjoy it more, sprinkle with honey vinegar. salt to 1 peck olives. Cambridge, Mass., 1917-25. Snakeskin, emmer, salt, mother-of-thyme: chop these all together with wine, and give to all the oxen to drink. Be careful not to let meat touch meat. So that oxen do not wear down their hooves, anoint the base of the hoof with liquid pitch before you drive them anywhere by road. Translated by Barbara Flower and Elisabeth [Alföldi-]Rosenbaum. 113. Boil amurca down to half, and with it coat the bottom, the outside, the legs and the edges of the chest. mussels, 1 capito fish, 1 scorpion, 6 snails and a handful of lentils. Weed frequently: as soon as the weeds begin to grow, take them out, because if you pull up tough weeds you will pull up the cypresses as well. On such a property can be planted, as required:  vines, various kinds: Aminnia minuscula for wine; Aminnia maior, Apicia, conserved in pots in grape marc, or just as good in grape syrup, in whole must, in lora. When the press workers are using levers, the decanter must continually dip oil with a dipper as carefully as possible, and not stop, and be careful not to take up any amurca. London, 1929. They should not be more than 4 fingers� breadth above the ground. Este libro de Agricultura Ecologica aparece en un momento muy oportuno y preciso, por cuanto hoy nadie niega la pertinencia de considerar el componente ecológico y ambiental en el desarrollo agrícola. Dalby, Siren feasts. Once the harvest is completed, order the press equipment, carrying-baskets, straining bags, ropes, bars, pins to be put away in their proper places. DE AGRICULTURA (141 CE) By Marcus Cato Introduction: of the dignity of the farmer The pursuits of commerce would be as admirable as they are profitable if they were not subject to so great risks: and so, likewise, of banking, if it was always honestly conducted. On ground that is said to be ideal for vines and is sunny, plant Aminnia minuscula and gemina, Eugenea, helvola minuscula. Make the platen of elm or hazel: if you have both, alternate them. For wine presses make the posts and �trees� two feet taller. Boscherini, �Medicina�. Complete the work to the satisfaction of the owner (or the person appointed as overseer, or the eventual buyer). Coat likewise. Also apply, ground, with honey, to any wounds old or recent. Tie young vines at close intervals, so that the shoots do not break. 35. Sheep and oxen are always to have straw underfoot. Be sure that trees are well married, and that vines are planted in sufficient numbers: where appropriate, detach vines entirely from the tree, layer to the ground, and separate from the stock two years later. It must be firmly fixed with wedges of willow. - - Piracicaba, 2006. ... Transferência de renda para a agricultura familiar, através dos assentamentos de reforma agrária. Other timber that bears seed is ripe for cutting when its seed is ripe. Sow beans in fields that are strong and not prone to fail. On the following day, grind 1 dram incense, 1 dram boiled honey, 1 pint oregano wine. De agri cultura. If short of straw, cut holm-oak boughs and spread them as litter for sheep and oxen. It will remove all decay. [Known only in fragments, cited from Chassignet (q.v.)] 213-221. For coating the lips of vats so that they will be sweet-smelling and so that the wine does not spoil. He must not perform rites at cross-roads or hearth, except Compitalia, unless instructed by the owner. 49. Use this wine to move the bowels. Dalby and Grainger. Be sure to water as often as necessary. 22-32. Coat the whole granary thickly with this mixture. LibriVox recording of De Agricultura by Marcus Porcius Cato. Jahrhundert v. Chr. �Those in the press room should use clean vessels and take care that the olives are well prepared and well dried. Those that you wish to layer more carefully, you can layer in pots or planting-baskets with holes: they can eventually be planted out without removing these. This is to be included in the patient�s next meal, or, preferably, to be eaten on its own. Make it thoroughly clean. 43. Offer a strues to Janus thus: �Father Janus, as I offer you this strues, I pray with good prayers that you be ready and favourable to me and my children, to my house and household.�, �Jove, as I offer you this fertum, I pray with good prayers that you be ready and favourable to me and my children, to my house and household, accepting this fertum.�, �Father Janus, since in offering you a strues I prayed well with good prayers, therefore accept this offertory wine.�, �Jove, accept this fertum, accept this offertory wine.�. You will tell that the lime is cooked when you find that the top stones are cooked. Attend to their hooves. Let it soak in well. 115. Do this daily, early in the morning. Then slaughter the Harvest Sow. Included in the Bible and Apocrypha. If you give the same treatment to trees that do fruit, they too will improve; but do not give them straw. If the farmhouse is struck by lightning, a respectable person is to be asked to adjudicate. Shake it frequently so that the resin dissolves. fat, 4 lb. Wherever you see a snakeskin pick it up and keep it so that you will have one when you need it for this. Stir vigorously. Have a second and a third sowing of fodder. Unless there is fever, give also harsh red wine mixed with as little water as possible; if there is fever, give water. For those who are troubled by colic, cabbage should be steeped in water. Pull up; dig round so that you can pull the roots easily without breaking them. 66. 12. 91. cheese (half of it dry), half the milk she produces on holidays and one urna of milk in addition. Keep the press room and store as warm as possible. La estimación de las futuras respuestas de la agricultura al cambio climático normalmente se basa en perspectivas del cambio climático futuro a través de los métodos y enfoques que se resumen en el capítulo 3. gum is enough for a 50-urna vat. Fill the latter, then stop the pipe. When from overeating the bowels will not move, if you take (as I advise) an appropriate amount of cabbage, you will develop no illness from overeating. Benefits. Turin: Paravia, 1955. Three years after sowing, burn at the beginning of spring. [Greek, 2nd century ad; includes a life of Cato the Elder, cited here as �Plutarch, Cato�.] When cooked remove them, coat in honey, roll in poppy-seeds, serve. Make durum wheat granea as follows. 102. Rome, 2nd century ad.] Then crumble as finely as possible into the hot amurca, while stirring with the stick, and boil again in the open air (because, if you boil indoors, when bitumen and sulphur are added it will catch fire). 71. 1 amphora [a month]. By Gilbert Patten - Jul 21, 2020 Free eBook Cato On Farming De Agriculture De Agricultura , de agri cultura xv sec biblioteca medicea laurenziana pluteo 512 de agri cultura latin pronunciation de agri kltura on farming or on agriculture written by cato the elder is the oldest surviving work of latin prose Plant wild asparagus crowns there too: reeds and asparagus go together in the digging, in the burning and because one shades the other meanwhile. Numerous translations. 27. If it does, the wine will soak away and the water will remain, because an ivy cup will not hold wine. So that moths will not attack clothes. It is not excessive to give them 10 quadrantalia each a year. 100% (2) 100% consideraram este documento útil (2 votos) 921 visualizações 36 páginas. Make four iron washers to fit around the millstone, so that the axle and bolt will not wear inside. 41. In wet ground, drainage trenches should be dug 3 feet wide at the top, 4 feet deep, 1 foot 1 palm wide at the bottom. Translated by B. Radice (Penguin classics). When there is appetite, give donkey meat. If a vineyard is poor, chop up its shoots and plough them or dig them in at the spot. -- washing and pitching vats, cleaning farm buildings, shifting grain, shovelling dung, making a dung-heap, threshing grain, mending ropes and making new ones; the slaves could have been patching their own cloaks and hoods. Columella, On Trees. einen landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb im Mittelmeerraum? For fuller information on these texts see White, Farming pp. Adjust laterally in the same way with wooden discs or iron washers until the gauge is correct. Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars. Allow to colour, but do not overheat. Make axle-boxes for the millstones from orcites olive wood. Yoke ropes for a cart, 19 feet; shaft rope, 15 feet. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. [Latin, 1st century ad.] Think how often there are storms and the crop is knocked off the trees: if you gather quickly and the equipment is ready, the storm will have caused no loss and the oil will be greener and better, but if the crop lies too long on the earth or in the loft, it spoils, and the oil you make will be rancid. Insert them below ground level and turn them back towards the head of the vine. l libro Manual de Agricultura Ecológica: Una introducción a los principios básicos y su aplicación, aparece en un momento muy oportuno y preciso, por cuanto hoy nadie niega la pertinencia de considerar el componente ecológico y ambiental en el desarrollo agrícola. You may place it all together in one jug; the wine, also, may be placed all in one jug. Descargar. In addition, at Saturnalia and Compitalia, 1 congius per person. He must regularly make up accounts with the owner. Pour 6 congii of the finest grape syrup into a bronze or lead vessel. You must take stock; order to be bought whatever will be needed during the year; order to be sold whatever will be surplus; order to be contracted whatever needs contracting. Strabo, Geography. Antiphanes. De Agri Cultura (Latin pronunciation: [deː ˈaÉ¡riː kʊlˈtuːraː]; On Farming or On Agriculture), written by Cato the Elder, is the oldest surviving work of Latin prose. Suckers that grow from the tree at ground level to be layered to the ground (the extremity to be raised) so that they root. Take care that the stones do not graze the mortar. Its subject matter is the pedestrian business of managing a Roman farm in the second century BC. of the tenderest cabbage, divide into three equal bunches and tie. 13 part 2. No woman must be present or see the rite. They should decant oil regularly. Paris, 1970. Martial. Boil all this down till it reduces to 3 pints of liquid. If you turn the soil of the olive plantation very frequently and very deeply, you will plough out the smallest roots. After two years, sever the young branch below and plant it out with its basket. Festus, On the Meaning of Words. So much for the planning of a farm in various locations. Hic liber structura simplici verba habet quae ad vitam rusticam pertinent. If it is a dry spot, plant olives now during the legume sowing. A. J. Toynbee, Hannibal�s legacy. [In Greek: semi-official Roman geography. Peking, 1982. When they have been offered, they should be consumed, at once, on the spot. When it has cooled, bottle the whole. Frayn, Subsistence farming. If there is rain, place on drying mats indoors. Varro's Res rustica (37 BCE) is not a practical treatise but instruction, in dialogue form, about agricultural life meant for prosperous country gentlemen. 87. Palladius, On Farming. With incense and wine address Janus, Jove and Juno before you slaughter the female pig. If you do this, the fruit will not fall while unripe, the figs will not be scabby and the trees will be much heavier bearing. To left and right, on either side of the slots, insert small thin plates under these plates, and fix them to one another so that the slots for the axle-bars do not enlarge. �If any dispute arises over these terms, judgment is to take place at Rome.�, From each ewe, [reserve] 1 lb. 118. Your shoots should be two feet long. Lip 5 fingers thick. 121. Liverpool: Cairns, 1984. grease; and for the owner�s weights and measures the buyer will give two cotulae iri pri primae. ; windfall olives, 50 pecks, picked olives, 10 pecks, to be measured with an olive modius; 10 lb. First you must know the different kinds of cabbage and their nature. Where you are to place the �trees�, make good foundations 5 feet deep, and on these a flo first. lard, 1 lb. Alexander Hugh McDonald, in his article for the Oxford Classical Dictionary, dated this essay's composition to about 160 BC and noted that "for all of its lack of form, its details of old custom and superstition, and its archaic tone, it was an up-to-date directed from his own knowledge and experience to the new capitalistic farming." La crisis de sustentabilidad en el mundo se ha agravado de Sufficient gatherers and pickers must be provided: if they are not, any supplied or hired by the owner will be deducted. Observe o … Manual de agricultura orgánica Una alternativa sostenible para Galápagos El manual de agricultura Orgánica “verdes gotas de vida”, responde al esfuerzo de desarrollar un instrumento útil y de fácil comprensión que facilite el desarrollo de sistemas agropecuarios orgánicos y biológicos adecuado a … Fragmentos. These are planted as follows: turn over with a spade, plant reed rhizomes three feet apart. Heat the vat, not as hot as if you were going to pitch it: warm is enough: use kindling wood for heating. Está voltada essencialmente, para a comercialização dos produtos cultivados, sendo produzida em larga escala, executada em grandes propriedades com a utilização de substâncias, como adubos, fertilizantes químicos, agrotóxicos e inseticidas. [Latin history, 1st century bc.] Those that you wish to plant more carefully can be planted in pots. Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy. Rubbed with this, it will be shinier. Then, as it boils, plunge the bunch again while you count five, and take it out. If dirty, wash them, clear them of leaves and manure. If the vineyard is bald of vines, trench between and plant cuttings. Horace. 81. �Sheep which have not lambed [this season] count two for one.� Recover payment from the agent 10 months from the day on which wool and lambs are sold. F. G. Allinson�s translation (Loeb classical library) is being replaced by that of W. G. Arnott. 124. If there was any disease present internally, cabbage will cure all, remove all sicknesses from the head and the eyes and cure them. If you want to make your [cross-]beams shorter, route the channels outside the pillars. wax, 1 lb. The oil wants no bronze vessels, and no olive stones! If your owner gave her to you as your wife, be satisfied with her. Cato was revered by many later authors for his practical attitudes, his natural You can layer a vine in the same way, severing it and planting it out with the basket a year later. 2002), Breve historia de la agricultura Andaluza (2008), Don Francisco de Paula Marín (1774-1837) y De rerum rusticarum de Marco Terencio Equipment for 100 iugera planted in vines: 2 oxen, 2 asses for carts, 1 ass for the mill; enough vats for five vintages, total 800 cullei, 20 vats for keeping the marc, 20 for wheat, a lid and cover for each vat; 6 urns with esparto casings, 4 amphoras with esparto casings, 2 funnels, 3 wicker strainers, 3 strainers to remove flor, 10 pitchers for must; 2 carts, 2 ploughs, cart yoke, vine yoke, 1 ass yoke; bronze cauldron holding 1 culleus, lid for bronze cauldron, 3 iron hooks, bronze boiling-cauldron holding 1 culleus, 2 water-pitchers; 1 watering-can, 1 basin, 1 jug, 1 slop-pail, 1 water-bucket, tray, ladle, candlestick, pisspot; 4 beds, 1 bench, 2 tables, 1 stone table, 1 clothes chest, 1 cupboard, 6 long benches, 1 well-wheel, 1 iron-tipped peck measure, 1 half-peck, 1 wash-tub, 1 soaking-tub, 1 tub for lupins, 10 jars; harnesses for oxen, harnesses for asses, 3 rugs, 3 packsaddles; 3 strainers for wine-lees, 3 donkey-mills, 1 pushing-mill; iron tools: 5 reed knives, 6 vine-dresser�s knives, 3 pruning knives, 5 axes, 4 wedges, [2] ploughshares, 10 forks, 6 spades, 4 shovels, 2 drag-hoes with four teeth, 4 hurdles for dung, 1 hamper for dung, 40 grape-harvesting sickles, 10 broom-cutting sickles, 2 braziers, 2 tongs, 1 fire-shovel; 20 Amerine carrying-baskets, 40 planting-baskets or troughs, 40 wooden trowels; 4 mattresses, 4 blankets, 6 pillows, 6 bed-covers, 3 towels, 6 patchwork cloaks for the youngsters. If you wish to move an old vine to a new spot, you can do so if it is no thicker than an arm. You must inspect the animals, and you must sell at auction: sell oil when it will pay; sell surplus wine and grain; sell aging oxen, runty calves, runty sheep; sell wool, hides, an old cart, old iron tools, an old slave, a sickly slave, and anything else surplus. Press-beam 25 feet long, including tongue 2 feet. Como se resume más adelante, se elaboran una serie de perspectivas para reflejar las incertidumbres inherentes a la Cut it before it is ripe. Storage for wine is available until the Calends of October of the next year. 51. When you want to digest your food properly and to pass water, you can drink as much as you like of this without ill effect. You may make this dedication each year if you wish. La revolucion de una brizna de paja – Fukuoka. Other vines, especially miscellae, suit either ground. Orchites, black and dried, can alternatively be kept in salt for five days, then, the salt discarded, placed in the sun for two days; or preserved in grape syrup without salt; sorbs, to be preserved in must, or you can dry them, and the same goes for pears; 8. marisca figs to be planted on a clayey, open ground. The Feast to Jove: a roast from herd or flock; one urna of wine. Cato's 'De Agricultura': Offering to Mars Silvanus Translated into English by Quinta Claudia Lucentia Aprica. The wine may be taken from the vats at any time before the next Calends of January. A. G. Drachmann, Ancient oil-mills and presses. This description of a ritual to be performed for the health of cattle does not include an suggestions for appropriate words to be spoken, but simply describes the offering itself. In really vigorous ground, cut out every dry branch and anything broken by the wind. Manure the pastures at the beginning of spring at new moon, or, if they are not irrigated, when the Favonius begins to blow. Take great care not to �precipitate� the vine and not to tie it too tight. It is most profitable for the owner if oil is made from ripe olives. Then pour the whole into a pitched vessel and seal. See note on chapter 74. 77. 153. When you make the �tongue�, measure it from the middle of the press-beam, so that it fits correctly between the �trees�. There should be good presses, so that the work can be done well. Cambridge, Mass., 1919-59. He must have no private friend; he must make appointments with no diviner, soothsayer, fortune-teller or magician. Globi to be made thus: mix cheese and emmer as above; make as many balls as you want. The pair of crushing mills, left and right, each wants 20 feet of floor. Trench beforehand, but not deeply. Make the same mixture as placenta; mix in a trough, pour into an earthenware irnea and submerge this in a bronze cauldron full of hot water. In the case of a fistula, insert it as a pack. If it rains, have picking-baskets made or mended, emmer milled, anchovies bought, windfall olives salted. Marcus Cato was an important public figure, and his life is well known. 65. If house walls are ordered by the 100 square feet (which is 10 feet square), price 10 nummi per 5 feet horizontal and 20 feet vertical (walls 1 feet thick, the owner to make the foundations and provide one peck lime per foot length, two pecks sand). 94. Mercatorem autem strenuum studiosumque rei quaerendae existimo, verum, ut supra dixi, periculosum et calamitosum. Best to take is the wood that you trim or fell in the seven days closest to full moon. Next day, chop a head of Levant garlic in a hemina of wine, to be drunk complete. Taking quantities as required, proceed as for placenta, but shape differently. and tr. In grain fields, in other crops and in ditches, wherever water stands or anything obstructs it, you should shift the obstruction, open the channel and get the water flowing. Treat a man, a woman or a child in the same way. To make pins, dip dry holm-oak, elm, walnut, fig sticks in dung or water: make pins from them as needed. M. Chassignet. If need arises, use the same remedy for a human victim. To make up a wine to move the bowels. Specifically, I examine the order of subject, object and verb in De agricultura, an agricultural manual written in the 2nd century BC. 5th century ad.] they will fight for you. Also the lowest stones, once cooked, will collapse, and the fire will begin to give less smoke. Leave in the sun for two years, then bring indoors. When olives are ripe, they should be gathered as early as possible, and stand as little as possible on the ground or in the loft. The more quickly you make it, the better the work will go, and the higher will be the quantity and quality of oil from the same amount harvested.