Porcellum Flacianum, 8.7.8:uncertain Frontinianum Porcellum, 8.7.10: engineer;30 C.E. Columella, Cato, Varro, and Palladius. Libro de Marco Gavio Apicio. Combine with wines. [5] The stuffing mixture may be cooked separately and served as a side dish. THETEXT OF APICIUS' DE RE COQUZNARZA. Site contains many Greek and Latin texts, translations and related. To put it simply, the translation should fit the plate. Cum coctum fuerit, teres piper, ligusticum, origanum, carei modicum, suffundis ius de suo sibi, vino et passo temperabis. The word “meme” is both a noun and a verb, and it’s taken the Internet by storm in recent years. and 117 C.E. Although his text refers obliquely to his predecessors (the authors of lost Sicilian, Greek, and Egyptian monographs) and in spite of the fact that the sea routes which supplied Italian markets with oriental spices in the first century reached as far as southern China and the Banda Sea, the ascrip- tion of an historically interesting definition should be resisted unless the culinary facts are convincing. In England, a stuffing is sometimes made of minced pork shoulder seasoned with various ingredients, sage, onion, bread, chestnuts, dried apricots, dried cranberries etc. 1977. Gulick, C. B., ed. Flower, Barbara, ed. Now drain the cooked cuttlefish; chop finely. There are (at least) three figures in Roman history bearing the name ‘Apicius’. Appears in the recipes preserved in the work "De re coquinaria" of Apicius. 1543. These may also be combined with mashed potatoes, for a heavy stuffing. All are mentioned once, except for Vitellius (who receives three mentions) and Apicius himself (who receives seven). How to use re in a sentence. It occurs in lists of pigments as in, for example, purpurissum, Indicum, caeruleum, Melinum, auripigmentum, Appianum, cerussa (35.49.1), and chrysocolla, Indicum, purpurissum (35.30.4), or in reference to the specific use of indigo as a dyeing agent in, for instance, "Indico tingunt stercora columbina aut cretam Selinusiam" (35.46.5). Re definition is - the second note of the major scale in solfège. The recipe titles are of three kinds: simple culinary descrip- tion (464 entries); addition of an historical person; addition of a refer- ence to a location or to a people. Coquina definition is - a soft whitish limestone formed of broken shells and corals cemented together and used for building. A full discussion of the cargo manifests of the yearly "pepper fleets" in the first century is contained in my introduction to The Roman Cookery of Apicius (1984). Haedum sive Agnum Tarpeianum, 8.6.9; protohistorical figure; 750 B.c.E. De Re Coquinaria. Heseltine, Michael, ed. Tomatoes, capsicums (sweet or hot peppers), vegetable marrows (e.g., zucchini) may be prepared in this way. If one rejects the Vatican and the New York codex readings, the ambiguous Pisum Indicum remains. Firstly, Apicius uses the word "Alexandrine" for three of his delicate fish sauces, fume'es really, in book 10, and the phrase "in the manner of the Alexandrines" in a recipe for steamed squash. I would like to thank Peter Smith of the University of Victoria for his guidance and editorial suggestions for this paper and for his teaching when I was his student thirty years ago; and Barbara Gold, editor of AJP. 1924. Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants and, Minor Works on Odours and Weather Signs. It follows, then, that what remains is the essential manual, stripped of nuance and personality through centuries of use and transmission, rather, American Journal of Philology 122 (2001) 255-263 02001 hy The Johns Hopkins University Press. Roman sausages. and trans. Ostia was (and is) a seaport at the "mouth" of the Tiber. Schweighaeuser, Iohannes, ed. These phrases take the accusative because the verb coques is as- sumed, while the gender is arbitrary throughout the section of recipes for peas in book 5, Ospreon.At 5.3.5, for instance, one reads Pisam Vitellianam sive fabam and later at 5.3.8, Pisam adulteram versatilem. First, small cuttlefish are cooked "together with their own ink" (cum atramento suo-atramento is used by Vitruvius and Pliny to mean a "black pigment"), and with this is con- structed a sauce of olive oil, stock, white wine, chives, and coriander. Libro de Marco Gavio Apicio. 1.71.Apart from Tarpeia, a name from Rome's official and heroic past, only a recipe for conchicla is inconsistent with an Apician chronology. Weber, S. H., ed. Animadversiones in Athenaei Deipnosophistas. Vol. Many foods may be stuffed, including poultry, seafood, and vegetables. Poultry stuffing often consists of breadcrumbs, onion, celery, spices, and herbs such as sage, combined with the giblets. In his text there is little question of subjectivity in the nomenclature, or puns or literary allusions to test the reader. The dressing season with crushed pepper, laurel berries and rue; if you like, add laser, the best kind of broth, reduced must and sprinkle with fresh oil. 1. Minutal Matianum, 4.3.4: orchardist; circa 30 B.C.E. The classical cookbook wich is ascribed to a Roman nobleman named Apicius was titled De re coquinaria. In conclusion, the titles of group 2 are consistently domestic, not foreign. Garum was an addition necessary in exquisite Roman cuisine. The variant readings are pisum indicam in the Codex Vaticanus and indicum pisum in the New York Academy of Medicine Codex. It is named, I think obsequiously, after Commodus, the em- peror who succeeded his father, the philosopher Marcus Aurelius, in 180. Paris: Guillaume. That this causes the sausage to remain pink instead of turning grey is a nice side effect. Rackham, H., ed. New York: Paragon. Petronius Arbiter. Can any of these be regarded as names which are "foreign," that is, external to the boundaries of the empire in 117? De re coquinaria (ou Ars Magirica, ou Apicius Culinaris) é um compêndio de receitas culinárias da Roma antiga, de autoria do gastrônomo Marcus Gavius Apicius (25 a.C. – 37 d.C.), que ficou conhecido a partir de manuscritos organizados por monges de Fulda nos séculos VIII e IX e editados somente no século XIX. W. 1985. and trans. Apicius' de re coquinaria (Roman recipe book believed to have been compiled in the 4th/5th century CE) contains, in the book 3 "cepuros" on vegetables, a paragraph (XX, recipes 115 to 121) entitled " Patellam Lucretianum, 4.2.25: philosopher; 94-55 B.C.E. Cabbages and similar vegetables can also be stuffed or wrapped around a filling. 28 November, 2015 - 03:44 dhwty. The first of these is said to have lived at the turn of the 1st century BC, and was mentioned to have been a great gourmand. De Re Rustica. 5.0 • 1 Rating; Publisher Description. Does he customarily use geographi- cal terms? what developed during the middle ages to … APPENDIX A: RECIPE TITLES REFERRING TO PEOPLE, Aliter Sala Cattabia Apiciana, 4.1.2: author of the Coquinaria;circa 50-117 C.E. Facies ut coquantur. Middle Eastern vegetable stuffings may be based on seasoned rice, on minced meat, or a combination thereof. who wrote de re coquinaria (on cooking) marcus apicius. Marcus Apicius's ancient cookbook De Re Coquinaria described polus, a Roman soup dating back to 30 AD made up of farro, chickpeas, and fava beans, with onions, garlic, lard, and greens thrown in. INTRODUCTION BY PROF. FREDERICK STARR Formerly of the University of Chicago Was there then an exotic variety, known to followers of Apicius, that was represented by this otherwise unremark- able recipe in what is perhaps the most prosaic of his chapters? where did the first cafe open. New York: Barnes & Noble. BY. Cook together for a few minutes over a low flame. Piper asparges (et inferes). 1963 Pliny: Natural History. China and the Roman Orient. JOSEPH DOMMERS VEHLING. In its simplest form, it was soft fruit heated with sugar (or honey, in this case) and cooled, then stored. Milham, M. E., ed. olive oil 112 c. fish stock 114 c. white wine 1 T. chives, 114 t. coriander 114 t. pepper 112 t. lovage pinch of caraway 112 t. oregano 112 c. peas stock 114 c. white wine 114 c. muscatel, Cook the peas, drain, leaving 112 cup liquid, and reserve the rest for the sauce. Pullum Parthicum and Haedum sive Agnum Parthicum, Parthian chicken and Parthian kid or lamb, have an exotic provenance, too, until one recalls that Trajan, the emperor whom Apicius served, was acclaimed "Parthicus" after his victory at Ctesiphon. Ancient Book known as Apicius de re Coquinaria. Paris: Robert Stephen. Other stuffings may contain only vegetables and herbs. By the reign of Trajan, however, Alexandria had been a Roman city for over a century and continued in its role as a major emporium of trade.To Apicius, the word probably had the cachet of wealth or opulence. NOW FOR THE FIRST TIME RENDERED INTO ENGLISH. Since it is my contention that Pisum Indicum belongs in the (by far) more numerous first group, an examination of the nomenclature of the remaining groups should demonstrate why "Indian peas" is an un- likely choice. De re coquinaria. In addition, the term was a byword for the ornate style with which the Parthians dressed their meats, as one can sense from Pliny's complaint: Then came the artists of the kitchens, and chickens were dressed to exhibit their haunches, or were split along their backs, and by spreading out from a single foot were made to cover whole serving dishes. During this campaign Apicius arranged to have oysters delivered to this emperor (Ath. and trans. English. They are usually blanched first, in order to make their leaves more pliable. Turkey day turmoil: Is it stuffing or dressing? Bodleian, Library. .1986. If one reads the title as referring to the ancient Julian gens, and, by extension, to the use of sacrificial potage in Apicius' time, it really has the essential meaning of "Roman." Instead of funding a police department, a sizable chunk of a city's budget is invested in communities, especially marginalized ones where much of the policing occurs. Roast pork is often accompanied by sage and onion stuffing in England; roast poultry in a Christmas dinner may be stuffed with sweet chestnuts. Marcus Gavius Apicius is one of those Roman names that have (almost) been lost to the ravages of time. "Liber de proprietatibus rerum." Although measurements, when they rarely appear, are fugitive survivors from the lost texts which Apicius compiled (for ex- ample, see the precise quantities in Patinam De Rosis, 4.2.9. The Coquinaria, like all great cookbooks, is above all a technical manual. I, Christianne Muusers, am Dutch, and most of my site is in Dutch too. 1993. However he is not imaginative anywhere else and the two meanings of indicus are always separate in the works of his more poetic contemporaries. Open any social media profile, and you’re bound to see one. [14] Multi-bird-stuffed dishes such as the turducken or gooducken are contemporary variations. This all leads to the question of whether or not Apicius could buy peas imported from India in 70 C.E. It is not known when stuffings were first used. Roman Cookery Revised. .. some clemynge to the slyme and ayrie with wondre medlinge of kinde purpur and of blewe," Trevisa). and trans. Theodoricum Regem Francorum. The connection with India is allusive simply because that is the source of the blue dye, the Indian substance mentioned by Dioscorides, Pliny, and others, which reminded Apicius of the color bequeathed by the cuttlefish to the peas, which then looked as if they had been blackened with indigo. Ancient Book known as Apicius de re Coquinaria NOW FOR THE FIRST TIME RENDERED INTO ENGLISH BY JOSEPH DOMMERS VEHLING With a Dictionary of Technical Terms, Many Notes, Facsimiles of Originals, and Views and Sketches of Ancient Culinary Objects Made by the Author INTRODUCTION BY PROF. FREDERICK STARR Formerly of the University of Chicago They include a philosopher (Lucretius), an orchardist (Matius), a grammarian (Varro), three emperors (Vitellius, Trajan, Commodus), a physician (Celsus), and a mythical Roman heroine (Tarpeia). Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-, versity Press. 1961. Apicius: De Re Coquinaria. It does not provide a Latin text, is said to be based on inferior manuscript tradition, and Vehling's translation is quirky and … Finally, a survey of the usage of indicus (never indianus) in classical Latin suggests that Pisum Indicum refers not to distant India but to a familiar color. The sec- ondary meaning (four) of indicus in Pliny clearly refers to the dark blue pigment, indigo, the sense in which, if you actually make the recipe, it is used by Apicius. for this paper's improvements and corrections. All but two lived during Apicius' lifetime, if one accepts the latest possible documented date for him as 115 c.E., the year in which Trajan captured the Parthian capitol of Ctesiphon. As a cooking technique stuffing helps retain moisture, while the mixture itself serves to augment and absorb flavors during its preparation. Bring the sauce to the boil, simmer to reduce, then keep hot. Philology and Cuisine in De Re Coquinaria, No tags found. Coquinaria means something like: “things that have to do with cooking”. However, I decided to use curing salt anyway. Dilke, 0.A. and trans. This is where direct comparisons to "Indian peas" should occur if the reading stands, since references are adjectival and all follow their nouns, as with Pisum Indicum. Part of a complete English translation of Apicius’s de Re Coquinaria. London: Collins. Here is this classification with mul- tiple references indicated by a numeral: Absinthium Romanum, Embrac- tum Baianum, Ofellas Ostiensis, Minutal Terentinum, Perna apruna ita impletur Terentina, Pultes Iulianae, Lucanicae, Oleum Liburnicum, Pullum Numidicum, Ius Alexandrinum (3),Cucurbitas more Alexandrine, Pullum Parthicum, Haedum sive Agnum Parthicum. Possibly Apicius himself acted out of character and had this in mind when he gave his recipe a metaphorical title. To put it simply, the translation should fit the plate. [16], The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) states that cooking animals with a body cavity filled with stuffing can present potential food safety issues. Cum despumaverit, porrum et coriandrum concidis et mittis in caccabum ut ferveat. 1974. London: Harrap. The Ancient Roman cookbook attributed to Apicius, De Re Coquinaria is presented in an English translation together with a treatise on Cookery and Dining in Imperial Rome. The temptation to be swayed by a perhaps unusual or delicious adjective must be resisted. Stuffing, filling, or dressing is an edible mixture, often composed of herbs and a starch such as bread, used to fill a cavity in the preparation of another food item. When the peas and cuttlefish are united, the completed dish takes on a hue which Apicius describes as Indicum;but in this context he is saying "indigo." To make the sauce, grind coriander, pepper, lovage, oregano, and caraway. The Department has favored us apicuo with samples of the taro, or dasheen, Colocasium Antiquorum and we have made many different experiments with this agreeable, delightful and important “new” vegetable. Serve in the hot sauce with a sprinkle of pepper.'. 1922. London: Heinemann. Leipzig: Teubner. Adicies oleum, liquamen et vinum, fasciculum porri et corandri. De re coquinaria Apicio Archivi – – Blog dedicated to the history The dasheen is a broad-leaved member of the arum family. 1969. 1. Sutori. 1977. 71). Add them to the peas in their liquid. Pliny does, I admit, use indicus in connection with pepper, Indicum piper (19.58.6); but this is the exception which proves the rule, since the indig- enous pepper plants (Piper longum, Piper nigrum) grew on the Malabar coast and resisted all attempts at cultivation in the west. Purportedly ancient Roman, or else Medieval, cooks developed engastration recipes, stuffing animals with other animals. We heard you ask, so we created the ultimate meme dictionary to make sense of it all! Argentorati: Ex Typographia Societatis Bipontinae. PHILOLOGY AND CUISINE IN DE RE COQUINARIA. [7][unreliable source? Vols. Name Number: 6 Meaning: Home, Family, Love, Balance, Harmony, Help, Warmth, Social justice De re coquinaria sau Ars Magirica este cea mai veche carte de bucate care se cunoaște din Antichitatea romană. And so the Parthians consigned their own culinary fashions to those of our Roman cooks. BudC. (10. I think the vegetable, like his prose, was homegrown! The earliest documentary evidence is the Roman cookbook, Apicius De Re Coquinaria, which contains recipes for stuffed chicken, dormouse, hare, and pig.Most of the stuffings described consist of vegetables, herbs and spices, nuts, and spelt (an old cereal), and frequently contain chopped liver, brains, and other organ meat. Vehling (1936) has "Indian peas"; AndrC (1965) has "Pois indiens"; and Flower and Rosenbaum (1958) hedge their bets with "Peas, Indian manner." To accept without hesitation that a common vegetable was transported from the remote East in ships whose holds were crammed with costly luxuries such as opium, cinnamon, pearls, and the indispensable peppercorn is naive. Lucanicae were the traditional sausages of the Lucanians, a people who lived in southern Italy: a savory blend of meats, herbs, and nuts bound with eggs, and then aged in chimney smoke. The Hill edition, while adequate, is not as good as it could have been, however. Tarn, W. W. 1951. It is "doctored" by the addition of elecampane, cyperus root, laurel, and salt. This may still be called stuffing or it may be called dressing. Sutori. Apicius is a text to be used in the kitchen. Fruits and dried fruits can be added to stuffing including apples, apricots, dried prunes, and raisins. London: Heinemann. 1984. haute cuisine. Share. [5][6], It is not known when stuffings were first used. For the practice of filling out the skin of an animal for display, see, "Traditional Roast Chicken with Apple, Sage and Onion Stuffing, Cranberry and Sage Sauce and Chicken-giblet Gravy - English - Recipes - from Delia Online", "Hairy Bikers' Christmas turkey with two stuffings recipe", "Fail-Safe Pork & Sage Stuffing | Jamie Oliver", "Chicken ballottines with sage & pancetta", "Stuffed Braised Veal Breast Recipe : Anne Burrell", "Eight delicious, rich and nourishing recipes from Ukraine and beyond | Life and style", "Konundrum Engine Literary Review - TC Boyle Interview". Cartea originală a apărut în secolul I, pe timpul împăratului Tiberius, dar ultima versiune (care s-a păstrat până în zilele noastre) e cea din secolul al V-lea. Soyer, Alexis. Indeed, in all ten books of the Coquinaria and in the later and derivative Excerpts of Vinidarius only twice does Apicius emerge from anonymity, at 4.2.12 ("ad mensam nemo agnoscet quid manducet"), and at 1.9.1 (miraberis);and, in any case, I think these uncharacteristic asides are really the happy observations of a copyist. Through bisociation, the use of one discipline to illuminate another, some of them can be resolved. Marcus Gavius Apicius: Top Gourmand of the Roman World. It is a collection of lists and brief instructions, often formulaic, never personal. Just as Homer, the poet of the Achaians, wrote a description of a Troy whose existence was proven by close textual read- ings and subsequent field work by Schliemann, so Apicius, the Roman artist of cuisine, left recipes whose language can be emended and whose tastes can be verified through practical experiment in the modern kitchen. This was extraordinary because of Apicius' imperative, laconic style, whose formulae more resemble the ritualistic epithets of the annals of the Hittite kings than the informed, conversational prose of an Elizabeth David or an M. F. K. Fisher. Apicius: L'art culinaire. But where do memes come from? Ofellas Ostiensis is an hors d'oeuvre: choice squares of marinated pork cooked in a spicy sauce of typically Roman flavors: lovage, fennel, cumin, and anise. Finally, if one discounts the atypical first (Tarpeia) and last (Commodus) dates, all persons named by Apicius lived between 94 B.C.E. Boyle's book Water Music. The remaining fifteen titles (group 3) in Apicius refer to regions or to peoples. London: Paddington. An earlier authority,Theophrastus (d. 285 B.c.E. Cambridge, Mass. Manuscript. In language and style of seasoning, many recipes echo lost Egyptian (and Sicilian) mono- graphs. Many types of vegetables are also suitable for stuffing, after their seeds or flesh has been removed. The English forms indico, indigo, and endegro had by 1650 been reduced to the now familiar indigo. So the phrase is not ambiguous. Then, the interior may be replaced by stuffing, or small amounts of stuffing may be inserted between the individual leaves.[13]. Trevisa, John (of). Apicius: De Re Coquinaria. ), in the Enquiry into Plants (8.1.4), clearly means the domestic pea, Pisum sativum, in his general survey of "corn-like" plants in Greece, Sicily, Egypt, and the Levant. London: Heinemann. Sepias minutatim concidis et in pisum mittis. Anthimus: De Observatione Ciborum ad. An illustration of a probably misunderstood recipe title occurs at 5.3.3,Pisum Indicum, in the Milham text (1969). The first recipe for jam appears in the first known cookbook: De Re Coquinaria (The Art of Cooking) which dates from the 1st century AD. The Romans used many sea- sonings to alter the taste of their wines, and this recipe is unusual only for the number of ingredients specified. Consequently it would be natural for his chef to commemorate this event. 1801. The editors are skilled cooks in their own right, which makes their book, which is in the public domain, one of the more intelligible printings of Apicius's book of recipes. Share. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ), his ingredi- ents may always be assembled with absolute confidence. Absinthium Romanum is eponymous. Apicius is a text to be used in the kitchen. The only fact which is of possible relevance to our recipe is that peas came in three colors in Roman gardens: white, red, and black. These variations are caused by the mixing of classical and late Latin forms in a text much altered by the long history of its transcription. Oysters are used in one[15] traditional stuffing for Thanksgiving. De re coquinaria. A similar recipe for a camel stuffed with sheep stuffed with bustards stuffed with carp stuffed with eggs is mentioned in T.C. Through bisociation, the use of one discipline to illuminate another, some of them can be resolved. Of the twenty-three references to people in the recipe titles there are fourteen men and one woman (two names are repeated). For those who want to dine, here is the complete recipe in Apicius: Pisum Indicum: pisum coques. These can occur because when the meat reaches a safe temperature, the stuffing inside can still harbor bacteria (and if the meat is cooked until the stuffing reaches a safe temperature, the meat may be overcooked). (an emendation of Frontinianum for Frontonianum at 6.8.12 will recon- cile this name with the more likely candidate at 8.7.10). The Embractum Baianum is in fact a splendid shellfish stew that begins, logically, with the oysters of the region and continues with mussels, sea urchins, celery, and coriander. English entry page to an English translation of the work, in turn part of a large site containing many Greek and Latin texts and translations. But in all this ostentation, no one dish pleases everyone, and here a haunch is praised, and elsewhere a breast. Chicago: Walter Hill. The Hittites. Come the crusades, warriors brought back more complex concoctions from the Middle East. [1] Additions in the United Kingdom include dried fruits and nuts (such as apricots and flaked almonds),[2][3][4] and chestnuts. A list of sug- gested identities and the recipes named after them is given in appendix A. There are 470 entries in Apicius and 32 extracts in Vinidarius for a total of 502. But this anomaly, an obvious interpolation by an editor hoping to please the probably mad Commodus, actually makes the conclusion inescapable: without exception, all known references to people in Apicius are to famous (or infamous) Roman figures. The Pantropheon. [17], Edible substance or mixture used to fill a cavity in another food item while cooking, This article is about cooking. PHILOLOGY AND CUISINE IN DE RE COQUINARIA. The words must literally convey their meanings to the careful cook. 1961. 1398. This is cookbook. Many Anglo-American stuffings contain bread or cereals, usually together with vegetables, herbs and spices, and eggs. A search through classical writers who deal with plants casts no light on the identity of "Indian peas." ?Porcellum Traianum, 8.7.16: emperor; 98-177 C.E.Pisam Vitellianam sive Fabarn, 5.3.5; emperor; 69 C.E.Pisam sive Fabam Vitellianam, 5.3.9Pullus Vardanus 6.8.11; uncertainAliter Betacios Varrones, 3.2.4; grammarian; 116-27 B.C.E. Click EDIT to add/edit tags. An anonymous Andalusian cookbook from the 13th century includes a recipe for a ram stuffed with small birds. Translation from Dutch to English. ], Names for stuffing include "farce" (~1390), "stuffing" (1538), "forcemeat" (1688), and relatively more recently in the United States; "dressing" (1850).[8][9]. The Greeks in Bactria and India. If one holds to the translation of "Indian peas," it must be, then, a singular exception to the other 501 recipe titles, all of which connote people, places, or foods indigenous to the Empire at the beginning of the second century. Pullum Frontonianum, 6.8.12: orator; 100+ C.E.? Add to the reserved stock. One may say with confidence that all of the above titles were distinctly Italian by the end of the first century. Este scrisă în limba latină de un gastronom pe nume Marcus Gavius Apicius. Pullum Numidicum, Numidian chicken, is a recipe which has a north African flavor, but of course Numidia had been a province since 46 B.C.E., and nothing in the directions is unusual when compared to the other fifteen in this section (6.8). The Roman recipe does not state that the sausage has to be cured, just smoked. The book, originally titled De Re Coquinaria, is attributed to Apicius and may date to the 1st century A.C.E., though the oldest surviving copy comes from the end of the Empire, sometime in the 5th century. The earliest documentary evidence is the Roman cookbook, Apicius De Re Coquinaria, which contains recipes for stuffed chicken, dormouse, hare, and pig. Athenaeus: Deipnosophistae. Companies are furloughing thousands of workers due to the economic fallout from the coronavirus pandemic. Pultes Iulianae does contain the name Julius, but the reference is to the nourish- ing potage eaten by the soldiers of Julius Caesar, which was made from purified spelt enriched with two kinds of ground meats, and seasoned with pepper, lovage, fennel, and reduced wine.